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Popular Elementary 
History of New Mexico 



Archbishop's House 
Santa Fe, N. M., November 7, 1912. 
Hon, B. M. Eead, 

Santa Fe, New Mexico. 
My dear Mr. Eead: I have looked over the IMS. of your "Elementary 
History of New Mexico" which yon have prepared for the use of schools in 
this state, and I do not hesitate to say that I am well impressed with the 
way you have endeavored to make your history simple enough to be grasped 
by the youthful mind and at the same time cover the important events as- 
sociated with New Mexico. 

I regard it as most important for the youth of our land to study the 
history of New Mexico and become thoroughly acquainted with the deeds of 
valor and the great faith of the heroes who first visited this country of ours. 
I note with pleasure the many illustrations you have arranged to illu- 
mine the work and also the reAwew questions at the end of each lesson — ■ 
both admirable features— to arouse the interest and stir the enthusiasm of 
the pupil. 

I wish you great success with this elementary history which you have pre- 
pared with such labor and patience. 

Very sincerely yours, f J. B. Pit aval. 

Archbishop of Santa Fe. 

(From Professor J. A. Wood, Principal for many years of Santa Fe's 
Public Schools) 

Santa Fe, N. M., November 18, 1912. 
Mr. Benjamin M. Read, 

Santa Fe. N. M. 

My dear Mr. Eead : Having spent several days in critically reading your 
type-written manuscript for a school history of New Mexico, I desire to 
report a few thoughts concerning your work : 

1st. Great care has been taken to give clearness of expression and sim- 
plicity of diction to be readily understood by old and young. 

2nd. It is evident all along that great care has been used in setting forth 
the leading facts just as they occurred without any embellishments of the 
imagination or any effort to catx^r to popular sentiment. 

3rd. It is evident all through that original, reliable sources have been 
sought and carefully sifted to set forth such connected facts as to make the 
history intensely interesting and instructive. 

4h. I freely recommend it to students in school or college, to teachers 
and readers of history everywhere, believing that those who give this work 
a careful study will appreciate more and more the comforts and blessings 
vouchsafed unto them by the hardships endured and great labors put forth 
by those who took possession of this land centuries ago. 

Very sincerely, J. A. Wood. 

(From Brother H. Edward, President of St. Michael's College) 

St. Michael's College, Christian Brothers 
Santa Fe, N. M., November 23, 1912. 
Mr. B. M. Read, 
City. 
My dear Mr. Eead: I have examined your work entitled "Elementary 
History of New Mexico," have admired your painstaking efforts, and am 
pleased to say that you have given another proof to the people of New Mex- 
ico of your straightforward way of telling the truth, and in your present at- 
tempt you have made history accessible to all, oM and young. This late&t 
work from your gifted pen, I hope, will stand as your monument and be of 
lasting interest to many generations yet to be. 

Yours very sincerely, 

Brother H. Edward. 




CAPTAIN CASPAR DE VILLAGRA 

Co-conquei-or of Ofiate, 1598, and first historian of New 

Mexico. His Ei-storia de la Nueva Mexico was published in 

Spain in the year 1610 



Popular Elementary 
History of New Mexico 



PREPARED BY 

BENJAMIN Mc READ 

Author of "Guerra Mexico- Americana" 

"Historia Ilustrada de Nuevo Mexico" 

"History of Education in New Mexico" 

' ' Illustrated History of New Mexico ' ' 

Digest of Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de las Indias' 

"Hernau Cortes and his Conquest of Mexico" 

And other works 




SANTA FE NEW MEXICO 
BENJAMIN M. READ 
NINETEEN FOURTEEN 



rr^'- 



Copyright 1014 by 
Benjamin M. Eead 



^' 



JUN-8I9I4 

©CI.A376207 



PREFACE 

My chief purpose in the preparation of this brief pop- 
ular history has been to enable the poor and the children 
of our State, especially those who are the descendants of 
the first explorers and conquerors, to partake of the 
interest and enthusiasm one experiences when reading 
of the marvelous deeds, the wonderful foresight, the peer- 
less valor, and the sublime faith of the men who first 
visited, conquered, settled, and christianized this land of 
ours. 

No other State in the American Union has so romantic 
a history as has New Mexico. Yet this is the only State 
in the American sisterhood of states where her children 
have been made to learn all about the history of every 
other part of the world, but have learned nothing reliable, 
nothing accurate, about their own history ; and what little 
has been taught in the schools of the country about New 
Mexico is so inaccurate that it would have been better 
to have said nothing about our State history than to have 
published inexcusable errors. Responsible writers and 
publishers have been, and still are, unintentionally prop- 
agating such errors in their school and popular histories. 

To illustrate, Barnes's Brief History of the United 
States (p. 29), writing of the discovery and naming of 
New Mexico and the founding of Santa Fe, makes the 
statement that **New Mexico was explored and named 
by Espejo (es pa ho) who (1582) founded Santa Fe." 



8 NEW MEXICAN HISTORY 

Espejo did not give New Mexico its name, neither did lie 
found the City of Santa Fe. ''Nueva Andalneia" is the 
name given by Espejo to what is now New Mexico, and 
Santa Fe was founded by Onate on or about 1606-7, twen- 
ty-four years after Espejo 's entry. 

Such stories as that are also found in all other former 
school histories, thus imparting to our youth incorrect in- 
formation regarding a study w^hicli, next to the general 
history of our country, is the most important to them. 

The facts narrated in this small school history are ab- 
solutely correct. They are taken from my Illustrated 
History of New Mexico, which is based upon the officially 
authenticated reports of the actors themselves as official- 
ly published in Spain, and upon exact authority regarding 
the events not connected with the discovery and conquest 
of New Mexico, Consequently, the student who reads 
this little book can truthfully say that he is learning the 
history of our State from the most reliable sources. 

New Mexico has been under three different govern- 
ments, to-wit, under the Spanish government from 1539 
(date of first entry by Niza) to 1821. From 1821 to 1846 
under the Mexican government, and since 1846 under the 
American government, its history thus naturally dividing 
into three distinct epochs under the three governments. 
These three epochs were preceded by the pre-historic one, 
the coming to this continent of the first inhabitants, the 
Indians. This explanation is made as a guide to the four 
divisions in which this brief history has been prepared, 
each division corresponding to an epoch. 

These divisions have been sub-divided in numbered 
paragraphs, and at the end of the book vdW be found the 
corresponding numbered questions. 



PREFACE 9 

The illustrations have been selected with the view of 
impressing- upon the student's mind the meaning and im- 
portance of the historical events narrated. 

After learning the wonderful history of our State, it 
is to be hoped that the students of New Mexico and the 
Spanish-American children in particular, Avill realize and 
appreciate its importance, and that this knowledge will 
assist in developing that patriotism which is essential to 
the well-being of every State and Nation. 

Bexjamix M. Read 
Santa Fe, N. M., 1914 



CONTENTS 



pRE-HisTORic Epoch 


Chapter 


I 


Spanish Re 


3IME, 15 


Chapter 


II 


Chapter 


III 


Chapter 


IV 


Chapter 


V 


Chapter 


VI 


Chapter 


VII 


Chapter VIII 


Chapter 


IX 


Chapter 


X 


Chapter 


XI 


Chapter 


XII 



39-1821 



Mexican Rule, 1821-1846 
Chapter XIII 
Chapter XIV 

American Occupation 
Chapter XV 
Chapter XVI 
Chapter XVII 
Chapter XVIII 
Chapter XIX 
Chapter XX 
Chapter XXI 
Chapter XXII 

Review Questions 

Appendix . 

Index 



15 
15 

22 
22 

27 
31 
42 
49 
56 
60 
67 
73 
82 
90 

95 

95 

101 

105 
105 
111 
113 
117 
122 
128 
133 
138 

145 

167 
177 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

Captain Gaspar de Villagra .... frontispiece 
Facsimile of Title Page of Villagra 's Historia de la 

Nueva Mexico 17 

Indian Chief on the War-path 19 

Church of San Miguel, Santa Fe, N. M. . . . 24 

The Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe, N. M. . 30 

Indian Pueblo of Taos ....... 32 

Most Rev. J. B. Lamy, Archbishop of Santa Fe . 36 

Indian Governor of the Pueblo of Tesuque . . 42 
Hand w^ritten Ballot for the State Election held in 

1850 . . . r 47 

Governor Manuel Armijo, last Governor under Mexi- 
can Authority 51 

Charles Bent, first Governor under the American 

Government 54 

LoRETTo Academy, first Pioneer Educational Insti- 
tution, 1853 58 

Cliff Dwellers 65 

College of San Miguel, second Pioneer Educational 

Institution, 1859 71 

Santa Fe in 1860 74 

University of Nev^ Mexico 78 

New Mexico Normal School, Silver City ... 84 

Santa Fe in 1867 88 

William C. McDonald, first State Governor . . 91 

Military Institute 96 

New Mexico State School of Mines .... 98 

Institute for the Blind 104 

Spanish-American Normal School .... 109 

New Mexico Normal University, East Las Vegas . 118 

School for the Deaf and Dumb ..... 123 

Santa Fe in 1912 . 130 

Capitol of New Mexico at Santa Fe . . . . 136 

Map of New Mexico, 1779 142 

Map of New Mexico, 1912 165 



KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH 
WORDS 

In the Spanish language the vowels have one soiiund only, thus: 

a sounds like the English a in far. 

e sounds like the English e in then. 

i sounds like the English double ee in screen. 

sounds like the English o in so. 

u sounds like the English double oo in hood. 

The consonants g before e and i have the English sound of 7(, thus ge 
and gi in Spanish sound as in hay and hee in English. 

The j and x sound like the English h in have. 

The double II sounds as in our English words million, brillia^it. 

The fi (n with a curved mark over it) sounds like ny in canyon in English. 

The y, if used as conjunction, sounds like the double ee in the English 
words, see, deep. 

SlMiiish Accent. — All nouns ending in a consbnant, as a rule, have the 
accent on the last syllable, thus: Luis, Martin. 

Nouns ending vpith a vowel have the accent on the penultimate syllable, 
thus: abrazada, Calzada, etc. 



PRE-HISTORIC EPOCH 
CHAPTER I 



1. America's First Inhabitants. — Asia was the cradle of the 
human race, and is separated from the North American con- 
tinent by the Strait of Bering. Ancient history records prove 
conchisively how the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) was 
first settled; but regarding the coming of the first man to the 
American continent, history and science give us mere conjec- 
tures, theories, and mystery. 

2. First Inhabitants of the Two Americas. — Columbus (who 
discovered America in 1492) and the other discoverers and con- 
querors of North and South America, not only found the entire 
continent thickly populated by unknown races, each race differ- 
ing in language, customs, and religion, but, to their surprise, 
they found in Mexico and South America two great semi-civilized 
empires — the Mexican empire under Montezuma, conquered by 
Hernan Cortes (1521-25), and the Peruvian empire under the 
Incas, Atahualpa, and Huascar, his brother, conquered by Fran- 
cisco Pizarro (1528-33). 

3. Mexican and Peruvian Indians. — In Mexico and Peru the 
Spaniards found the Indians well advanced in the sciences of 
architecture, mining, sculpture, agriculture, astronomy, and 
painting. 

II 

4. First Discovery of American Indian. — It was on Friday, 
October 12, 1492, when Columbus discovered an island which he 
named San Salvador. It was here that Columbus first dis- 
covered the first American Indian. The principal islands dis- 
covered and named by Columbus (1492-93) were the Santa 
Maria, Fernando, Isabel, Cuba (first named Juana by Colum- 
bus), Puerto Principe, Haiti (named Espaiiola by Columbus)-. 
The main land he discovered in August, 15^8. 



16 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

5. Origin of the Name "Indian," — The inhabitants thus 
found by Columbus were by him named "Indians" and the 
newly discovered land "India." Columbus was under the im- 
pression that he had discovered the India of Asia, which had 
been the real object of his voyage. These Indians were all 
savages, had no fixed habitations, and dififered from those found 
by Cortes and Pizarro in Mexico and South America. They had 
no knowledge of any of the human sciences excepting the science 
of agriculture, for they planted maize (Indian corn) and beans; 
They had no religion and went almost naked. 

6. Alonso de Ojeda. — The next European to visit America 
was Alonso de Ojeda (discoverer of Central America, 1499). 
Ojeda visited the coasts of Paria (Central America), where he 
found tribes of savage Indians ignorant of all human sciences 
but advanced enough to cultivate the land in maize, beans, and 
other cereals. These Indians had no religion or fixed habita- 
tions. 

Ill 

7. The Mexican Indians. — Francisco Fernandez Cordova 
(1517) and Juan de Grijalva (1518) were the discoverers of 
Mexico (New Spain). These explorers found the Maya, Tabasco, 
and other Indians semi-civilized, living in villages and greatly 
advanced in the knowledge of agriculture, sculpture, astronomy, 
and religion. Cordova, in 1517, reached as far as Yucatan, and 
Grijalva, in 1518, reached the province of Tabasco. 

8. Human Beings Sacrificed. — These Indians worshiped the 
sun and the moon. They offered the lives of human beings 
in sacrifice to their idols, representing their deities, and were 
the subjects of Emperor Montezuma (called also Moctezuma). 

9. The Aztecs. — On the 8th day of November, 1519, Hernan 
Cortes with his army and friendly Tlascalltecas, entered the City 
of Tenocktitlan (Mexico), and was royally received by Em- 
peror Montezuma. The unsurpassed scenery, the magnificence 
of its temples and public buildings, excited the admiration of 
the Spaniards so much that Cortes named it "The Venice of 
America." Cortes found Montezuma and his subjects much ad- 
vanced in the knowledge of the science of government and fairly 
vei*sed in the mysteries of religion — the sign of the cross, and 
Christian communion of meal and blood being the principal char- 
acteristics of their worship. Human sacrifices were also prac- 



PRE-HISTORIC EPOCH 



17 



ticed, but Cortes soon stopped that practice. From Montezuma 
Cortes learned that the Aztecs, the Toltees, their predecessors, 



^■" 



HISTORIA 

DELA N VEVA ^ 

MEXlCO,DELCAPITAN ] 
CASPAR on vn.r.AGUA. 

vjrT^P^. -4 r r. f. r v. j fj i p e 

..,\f? ^, 't : ? i'cfCc^ 3 \ :• r /li miff. 



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FACSIMII.K OK 'J'HK TITLK I'ACK OK THE FIRST 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

Written by Captain Gaspar de Villagra, one of Onate's 
most distinguislied captains in the conquest of New Mexico, 
1598. Published in Spain in 1610 

and the other inhabitants of the empire had centuries before 
immigrated from the north, but their origin was unknown to 
them. 



18 HISTORY OF NEAV MEXICO 

IV 

10. The Incas and the Peruvian Empire. — When Pizarro con- 
quered Peiii (1528-33) he found a well established empire under 
Atahualpa and his brother Huascar. The Peruvians had reached 
the same degree of civilization as had the Mexican Indians ; they 
were well advanced in the knowledge of government, arts, agri- 
culture, architecture, astronomy, and religion. 

11. Worship of the Peruvians. — The Peruvians, like the 
Mexican Indians, worshiped the sun, the moon, and the elements. 
They also offered human beings in sacrifice to their deities. 
They were thrifty and industrious. 

12. Origin of the Peruvian Indians. — From the traditions of 
these Indians the Spaniards learned that in the beginning of 
the twelfth century one Manco Capac and his sister and wafe, 
Mama OcUe, claiming to be children of the sun, with a great 
number of followers, reached Peru, founded the empire, and 
taught its people the manner of cultivating the land as well as 
the arts and science of architecture, government, and astronomy. 

Such was the condition of the inhabitants of that portion of the 
American continent discovered and conquered by the Spaniards, 
for the knowledge of which the world is indebted to Fr. Bar- 
tolome de las Casas and to the Franciscan, Augustinian, Do- 
minican, and Jesuit missionaries who accompanied the discoverers 
and conquerors, and to whom the world at large owes a debt of 
gratitude for the part they took in christianizing and civilizing 
that portion of the New World. 



13. The Indians of North America. — The aborigines of North 
America were found by the first explorers in a state of savageiy. 
They have been named and known in history as "Red Men of 
the Forests." When first discovered, according to a legend 
which has not the sanction of history, by the Northmen, in the 
year 1000, they had not advanced in any of the branches of 
human knowledge ; they lived in \\agwams and were always wan- 
dering from place to place. 

14. Domestic Habits of the North American Indian. — From 
what we know this Indian abhorred labor and made his squaw 
(wife) do all the necessary labor, such as putting up his 'wigwam, 
procuring fuel, and carrying the poles and other trinkets when 



PREHISTORIC EPOCH 19 

traveling. The male Indian contented himself with doing the 
hunting, fishing, and clearing the land that the squaw might 
plant the corn. 




Courtesy of J. C. Candelario, Santa Fe, N. 
IXDIAX CHIEF ON THE WAR PATH 



15. Their Religion. — The North American Indian had not 
the slightest idea of a future life nor of a Supreme Being. His 
paradise was his hunting-ground. He had no idols, but wor- 
shiped the elements, birds, and all animals. 



20 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

16. Origin of the North American Indian. — We know nothing 
of the origin of the North American Indian. Very ancient iniins 
have been found which indicate prehistoric settlements. Near 
St. Louis great mounds exist which are believed to have been 
built by the first inhabitants. Similar mounds exist in the State 
of Ohio. Eegarding the origin of these Indians even the first 
explorers of North America do not give us any plausible evi- 
dence. These explorers are : Ponce de Leon, Spaniard, who, 
while in quest of the ' ' Fountain of perpetual youth, ' ' discovered 
Florida in 1512 ; then the settlers of Jamestown, Virginia, under 
Captain Newport, in 1607; Samuel de Champlain, founder of 
Quebec, in 1608; and the Jesuit, Father Jacques Marquette, 
founder of the mission of Saint Marie, in 1666, and discoverer 
of the upper Mississippi. 

VI 

17. The New Mexico Indians. — Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, 
Spaniard (about whose wonderful travels the student will be in- 
formed further on), was the first white man to cross the Amer- 
ican continent, from the coast of Florida to the City of Mexico 
(1535-36). It was he who first visited New Mexico, and ob- 
served the habits and mode of living of our Indians, both the 
Pueblo Indians and the nomadic tribes. 

18. Cabeza de Vaca's Story. — De Vaca's statement regard.- 
ing the nomadic tribes does not differ in the least from what has 
been said with respect to the habits and manner of livhig of the 
North American Indian. Regarding the peaceful Pueblo In- 
dians of Nem^ Mexico, he informs us that he found them living in 
large and well built adobe villages, with houses several stories 
high ; that they wore cotton and woolen clothes woven and made 
by themselves; that they were industrious, hospitable, and 
thrifty, well advanced in the knowledge of agriculture, each 
pueblo cultivating large fields of maize (corn), beans, pumpkins, 
and other cereals; that they had sheep, dogs, and chickens, and 
were very fond of hunting and fishing; that they believed in a 
future life and worshiped the sun and the moon, but did not 
have the practice of human sacrifice. De Vaca and his three 
companions, Andres Dorantes, Alonzo del Castillo and a negro 
named Estevanico, visited the Zuni village on their H^-ay to 
Mexico. Concerning the origin of these Indians De Vaca does 
not say a word. 



PRE-HISTOEIC EPOCH 21 

19. Fr. Marcos de Niza and Others. — Father Niza was the 
next to visit and observe these Indians of New Mexico (1539). 
After him came Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1540), Fran- 
cisco de Ibarra (1568), Fr. Augustin Rodriguez (1581), Antonio 
de Espejo (1582), Castaiio de Sosa (1590), and Juan de Oiiate 
(1598), all of whom confirm what De Vaca has said as to the 
lives of the New Mexican Indian, but not a word concerning his 
origin and coming to this continent. 

20. Archbishop Salpointe's Views. — The Most Reverend 
Archbishop Juan B. Salpointe, for many years missionary priest 
among the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, and afterwards 
Archbishop of Santa Fe, and author of the very interesting book 
on the history of the Catholic church in New Mexico, entitled 
Soldiers of the Cross, after a life of study of these Indians was 
able to obtain from a very old Indian in Arizona their traditional 
stoiy, which was that their first ancestors had come from 
another land — far, very far to the north ; that before reaching 
this land they met with a very large body of water, which many 
of their number crossed, leaving the rest on the other side of the 
big river or lake. (More information as to Pueblo Indians is 
given in another part of this book.) 

21. Accepted Theory. — It is now generally believed by his- 
torians, geographers, and ethnologists that the first inhabitants 
of North and South America came from the northeastern part of 
Asia, which touches the Behring Strait. That theory seems to 
agree with the tradition communicated to Archbishop Salpointe 
by the Arizona Indians. 



SPANISH-REGIME— 1539-1821 

CHAPTER II 

VII 

22. Sketch and Journey of Cabeza de Vaca. — De Vaca's real 
name was Alvar Nunez de Vera. He was the son of Francisco 
de Vera and Tereza Alhaja-Cabeza de Vaca. His parents and 
his parents' ancestors were all of illustrious origin. The place 
of his birth was Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, but the year of his 
birth has never been ascertained. De Vaca's father was the 
conqueror of the Canary Islands (1483). His mother was a de- 
scendant of Don Martin Alhaja, a nobleman who, in the year 
1212, was surnamed Caveza de Vaca by the king of Navarra, as a 
reward for having, by means of a cow's horn, marked out a path 
on the rough, rugged mountains for the Spanish army, enabling 
the Spaniards to surprise and defeat the Moors at the battle of 
Las Navas de Tolosa. On learning the origin of the name 
' ' Cabeza de Vaca, ' ' Alvar Nuiiez changed his surname from ' ' de 
Vera" to "Cabeza de Vaca" and is known in history as Alvar 
Nuiiez Cabeza de Vaca. 

23. De Vaca's Coming to the New World. — On the 7th of 
June, 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez, with six vessels and 600 men, 
colonists, priests, and soldiers, sailed from San Lucas de Barra- 
meda, Spain, to colonize the land discovered by Ponce de Leon 
in 1512— Florida. On the 14th day of April, 1528, after the loss 
of 300 of his men and two of his ships in wrecks and hurricanes, 
Narvaez reached Florida and landed on the shores of the Bay of 
Tampa. Soon after, Narvaez began his explorations into the in- 
terior of the country, discovering several Indian villages, the 
principal one named Ante. After suffering much from hunger, 
sickness, and constant fighting with Indians, the latter part of 
July the Spaniards captured Ante, where they found abun- 
dance of corn, beans, pumpkins, and other eatables. 

24. Ante is Abandoned. — Desperate Situation. — Narvaez had 
sent his three ships to Puerto Rico and Havana for more men 



SPANISH REGIME 23 

and provisions, which never came, and he was left powerless to 
leave the country on that account. Being threatened with death 
by starvation, or annihilation by the Indians, the Spaniards con- 
structed floats and reached the Gulf of Mexico by sailing down a 
river nearly as large as the Mississippi. On August 3, 1528, 
they left the village amid uncountable sufferings and half dead 
with hunger, on their march to the sea. On reaching the large 
river they constnicted five floats, using the metal of their stir- 
raps for nails and the leather of their saddles for ropes. On the 
28th day of September, 1528, after having lost forty men from 
sickness and hunger, they killed the last horse to use his flesh 
for provisions and his hide for bottle-gourds (bags) to carry 
drinkable water and sailed down the river. Before reaching the 
Gulf the drinkable water gave out and they were compelled to 
drink salt water, three Spaniards dying from the effects. They 
were attacked by the Indians, two Spaniards being killed and 
Narvaez wounded. They reached the Gulf November 5, 1528, 
were met by an angry sea, the floats separated and finally (No- 
vember 6, 1528) were wrecked, and all but some forty or sixty of 
the Spaniards perished, Narvaez being among them. The few 
thus saved were rescued by the Indians of the coast and parceled 
out among them. Among the saved were Cabeza de Vaca, Andres 
Dorantes de Carranza, Alonzo del Castillo Maldonado, and a 
negro slave of Dorantes, named Estevanico. Cabeza de Vaca 
and the other Spaniards last named, remained together \with the 
Indians of an island which they named Isla del Infortunio (Is- 
land of Misfortune). De Vaca with other Spaniards remained 
on this island for a few months and separated because of their 
desperate condition, some of them dying of hunger, and the sur- 
vivors having been compelled to eat the flesh of their dead com- 
panions. Dorantes and his slave went together. De Vaca used 
his knowledge to an advantage, became a trader and a doctor 
among the Indian tribes, selling shells and trinkets and making 
cures among them. 

VIII 

25. De Vaca's Journey. — After seven years of wandering 
and captivity, De Vaca, Dorantes, Castillo Maldonado, and the 
negro Estevanico met (in 1535) and secretly concocted the plan 
for their escape, and in August of that year undertook their 
famous journej^ across the continent, passing through New 



SPANISH REGIME 25 

Mexico and reaching the City of Mexico on the 25th day of July, 
1536. 

26. Hospitable Treatment by Indians. — The route followed 
by De Vaca and his companions was, it is believed, across the 
State of Texas, entering New Mexico from the southeast, after 
having traveled north several days up the Pecos River, from the 
confluence of that river with the Rio Grande. On their way they 
visited many Indian villages, among them being the Zuni pueblo, 
where they remained for some time. All along their route they 
were received in a friendly manner by the Indians, who fur- 
nished them with corn, beans, and buffalo meat, and with guides 
to conduct them from tribe to tribe. This hospitable treatment 
was extended to the Spaniards by the Indians as recognition for 
the marvelous cures performed by De Vaca and the others among 
the Indians. De Vaca assures us that by his undying faith in 
Divine Providence he performed miraculous cures merely by the 
making of the sign of the cross and reciting some prayers. De 
Vaca instructed the Indians in the knowledge of a Supreme Be- 
ing and to make the sign of the cross. 

27. Hung-er Drives the Spaniards to Desperation. — Before 
reaching the inhabited Indian villages of New Mexico, the Span- 
iards and their guides were once lost for some days. Hunger 
and thirst drove them to desperation and compelled them to eat 
dog meat, De Vaca having purchased tiwo from the Indians. 

28. Arrest of De Vaca and His Companions. — From Zuni the 
Spaniards traveled due west, expecting to reach the Pacific 
Ocean and find Spanish settlements. After having traveled 
through what forms today the State of Sonora, the Spaniards met 
near Culiacan a party of Spanish explorers under Captain Diego 
de Alcaraz. The unexpected meeting of the parties was as start- 
ling to De Vaca as to Alcaraz. They soon became acquainted 
and soon also enmity separated them. Alcaraz wanted De Vaca 
to help him capture the Indians that accompanied De Vaca, to 
which proposition De Vaca could not consent. This brought 
about the arrest of De Vaca and his companions. Under arrest 
they were conducted to San Miguel to be punished by Cebreros, 
the alcalde (justice of the peace) of that village. Cebreros made 
an effort to coerce De Vaca to obey the orders of Alcaraz, but 
De Vaca and his companions declined and were sent to Melchor 
Diaz, alcalde of Culiacan, to be punished by him. This was in 
May, 1536. 



26 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

29. Release of De Vaca and His Party. — Melchor Diaz, on 
hearing De Vaca's narrative of the wreck of the Narvaez expe- 
dition and the sufferings of the unfortunate survivors, released 
them and sent them on to Compostela, where they were kindly 
received by Nuiio de Guzman, governor of the province. From 
Compostela, De Vaca and his companions started for the City 
of Mexico, which they reached on July 25, 1536. To Viceroy 
Mendoza and Hernan Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, De Vaca 
gave a full account of the Narvaez expedition, of his journey 
across the country, and of the lands and Indian settlements they 
had seen. De Vaca left Mexico for Vera Cruz in April, 1537, 
and sailed from Vera Cruz about the middle of the same month 
for Spain, where he arrived in August, 1537. In Spain he wrote 
and published the history of the expedition and his journey, un- 
der the title "Naufragios" (shipwrecks), and the king appointed 
him governor of La Plata, South America, for which place he 
sailed from Cadiz on December 2, 1540. From La Plata he was 
sent to Spain in chains, in 1545, by his own men, under charges 
of disloyalty. For eight years he fought in the Spanish courts, 
vindicating himself finally but never again returned to America, 
thus ending his most eventful life. 



CHAPTER III 

IX 

30. First Expedition — Fr. Marcos de Niza. — In the year 
1538 a Franciscan father, named Juan de la Ascencion, dis- 
covered the Gila River in what today is the State of Arizona, 
and wa? before part of New Mexico, but he did not reach the 
interior of the territory now forming the State of New Mexico. 

31. Mendoza Sends Niza. — It was in the year 1539 when the 
first expedition into New Mexico was made by Fr. Marcos de 
Niza. He was sent by Viceroy jMendoza to explore the country- 
and christianize its inhabitants. The locality was known as the 
Seven Cities or Cibola country (Zuiii). 

32. Sketch of Fr. Niza. — Niza was a Franciscan monk, a man 
of high literary attainments. He had been in America since the 
year 1531, having come as superior of the Franciscans, had ac- 
companied Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532, returning from 
Peru to Nicaragua where he remained till 1535, preaching the 
gospel and educating the Indians. 

33. Fr. Niza's Entry. — Father Niza was in Mexico when 
Cabeza de Yaca made his report, in July, 1536, to Mendoza and 
Cortes. Mendoza was so moved by what De Vaca said regarding 
the Seven Cities that he finall.v made up his mind to send Fr. 
Marcos de Niza at the head of an expedition, with the negro Este- 
vanico as guide, to colonize the country and christianize the 
Indians. Father Niza accepted the charge and started in 1539. 



34. Niza's Expedition to Cibola. — Having selected Fr. Niza, 
Viceroy Mendoza gave him strict written authority to effect 
the conversion of the Indians by Christian instructions, tempered 
with merciful treatment ; to teach them reading, writing, and 
agriculture ; to stop the capture and sale of Indians by the 
Spaniards engaged in that unchristian trade, and to report to 
him any cruelties and injustices practiced upon the Indians by 



28 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

said traders, and to form settlements, build churches and con- 
vents, if such things were possible. 

35. Fr. Niza Leaves Culiacan. — Accompanied by another 
Franciscan priest named Ornato, the negro guide Estevanico, 
and a few friendly Indians, Fr. Marcos de Niza undertook his 
journey from Culiacan (now State of Sinaloa, Mexico) March 7, 
1539. After a fejw days' travel, they came to an Indian village 
called Petatlan. Here Fr. Niza and his party w^ere cordially re- 
ceived by the Indians, being the recipients of an abundance of 
food, roses, and other presents. Fr. Ornato became sick and was 
left at Petatlan. 

36. Niza Hears of Cortes. — Niza was traveling close to the 
coast of the Gulf of California. He met Indians who had pearls 
and who told him that they were from an island which had been 
visited by a stranger (Cortes, when discovering California in 
1539). On his way to the Cibola country from the place where 
he met these Indians, Niza found a tribe of wild Indians who 
called him "Sayota" (a man descended from heaven). This 
tribe, according to a Jesuit historian. Father Juan Ortiz Zapata, 
was from the tribe of Pima Indians. From these Indians Niza 
learned that further north in the interior he would find large In- 
dian villages where the lands were cultivated, the inhabitants 
dressed in cotton and woolen garments, and that the wool was 
clipped from small animals. They also informed him that gold, 
showing him pieces of that metal, abounded in said country. 
Niza was now in what is today the State of Sonora, Mexico. 

37. Niza Readies Vacapa — ^Sends Estevanico Ahead. — 
From the last mentioned place Niza came to an Indian village 
called Vacapa. Here he saw that corn, beans, pumpkins, and 
other herbs were cultivated. From this pueblo, Niza sent Este- 
vanico ahead with instructions to explore the country and to 
report his discoveries by special couriers. 

XI 

38. Estevanico Reaches Zuiii. — After traveling a few days, 
Estevanico reached several Indian settlements. In all of them 
he was kindly treated and was the object of many attentions. 
Finally, twenty-five days after he left Vacapa, Estevanico 
reached the Seven Cities (Zuni pueblos), and from there he 
sent word to Niza by some of the friendly Indians that had ac- 



SPANISH REGIME 29 

conipanied him. He also sent Xiza a large wooden cross, and 
told the messengers to relate to Niza the wonders of the Seven 
Cities, and urge him to make haste. 

39. Niza Continues His Journey. — On receiving Estevanico's 
report, Niza thanked God and at once resumed the journey. On 
the way to the Seven Cities Niza learned from the Indians that 
north of them there were other large settlements called Acuco 
(Acoma), Marata, and Tonteac. Before reaching the province 
of the Seven Cities, Niza met some Indians who, observing the 
color of the cloth of his habit, told him that in Cibola and Ton- 
teac the Indians had the same kind of cloth, made from w^ool 
taken from small animals. Niza made and planted large crosses 
at each village. 

40. Niza Leaves His Road to Find the Sea. — Anxious to find 
out how near to the coast he was, Niza made a side trip to the west, 
reached the coast of the Gulf of California "at 35 degrees" as 
he says, and then returned his march to Zuiii, taking possession 
of the country as he went. 

41. Niza Learns of Estevanico's Death. — In the earlier part 
of May, Niza had already reached the Zuni desert, when he met 
some of the friendly Indians, who had gone with Estevanico to 
the land of the Seven Cities, and from them learned that Este- 
vanico and man}' of the Indians who went with him had reached 
Cibola, and had been killed by the Indians of the main pueblo 
(Zuni). These emissaries advised Niza not to go any further 
or he also would be killed. 

42. Niza Reaches Zuni and Takes Possession. — Learning of 
the greatness of the Seven Cities, Niza concluded not to return 
until he had seen them. He went on until he came to a mound 
overlooking the main pueblo (Zuni). From the top of that 
mound he viewed the whole country, and making a mound of 
rocks, erected thereon a large wooden cross, taking solemn pos- 
session of the Seven Cities and all the surrounding country in 
the name of the king, and naming it "New Kingdom of San 
Francisco." This done, Niza returned to the City of Mexico, 
which place he reached in September (1539). The description 
he gave of the country by him discovered, its riches, fertility, 
and its large and populous cities created such excitement that 
Mendoza at once began to formulate plans for further explora- 
tions and for the conquest of the whole country. 



CHAPTER IV 
XII 

43. Coronado Heads the New Expedition. — Francisco Vas- 
quez Coronado was an officer of high standing, a noble, and was 
related to the chief officers in Mexico. On that account he was 
selected by Mendoza. Having received his appointment as com- 
mandant, Coronado proceeded to organize an army of 300 
Spaniards and 800 Indians. Among the officers were Pedro de 
Tovar (ensign), Pedro de Guevara, Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, 
Rodrigo Maldonado, Diego Lopez, Diego Gutierrez, Juan de Zal- 
divar, Francisco Barrionuevo, Francisco de Obando, Juan Galle- 
gos, and Tristan de Arellano, all nobles, as captains, and Alonso 
Manrique de Lara, Lope de Urrea, Gomez Suarez de Figueroa, 
Luis Ramirez de Vargas, Juan de Soto Mayor, Francisco Gor- 
ballan y Castaiieda, Pablo de Melgosa, and Hernando de Alva- 
rado, as subordinate officers. Melgosa was placed in charge of 
the infantry and Alvarado in charge of the mounted forces, both 
with the rank of captain. By sea Coronado sent Hernando de 
Alarcon with two vessels to carry provisions, Coronado believing 
that his journey was to be made along the coast. This was in 
the earlier part of the year 1540. 

44. Oath of Allegiance — Niza Accompanies the Expedition — 
Pedro de Castenda. — At Compostela the officers and men gave 
before Viceroy Mendoza the oath of allegiance. Fr. Marcos de 
Niza, Fr. Juan de Padilla, Fr. Escalona, Fr. Antonio Victoria, 
and other Franciscan priests accompanied the expedition. From 
Compostela the army went to Culiacan, from which place Coro- 
nado set out on a vanguard march with fifty mounted men, some 
infantry soldiers, and a number of Indians. The rest of the 
army under Tristan de Arellano, followed fifteen days after. 
Niza, with some of the other friars, accompanied Coronado. 
Among the soldiers was Pedro de Castaiieda who, some twenty 
years after, wrote a history of what he remembered of the ex- 
pedition. 



32 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



45. Coronado Reaches Zuiii. — After crossing an Indian Vil- 
lage, in what now forms the State of Sonora, called Chichil-ti- 
calli, Coronado entered the Zuni desert, greatly discouraged and 




bitterly disappointed in discovering that Niza's report had mis- 
represented the country, and coming to the Zuiii River, named it 
Rio Colorado (red river), on account of its water being red with 



SPANISH REGIME 33 

mud. Coronado was now eight miles from Zuiii. It Avas the 
first of x\ugust (1540). At this place Coronado met some of the 
Zuiii Indians who, on seeing the Spaniards, started promptly to 
carry the news to Znni. 

46. Battle Won with the Zunis — Pueblos Surrender — Coro- 
nado Wounded. — On August 2d, Zuni Indians (the original In- 
dian name of this pueblo was "Hawikuh") came out and gave 
the Spaniards battle but were defeated and on the next day 
(August 3d) Coronado 's army entered the pueblo, and Coronado 
at once named the country Nueva Granada (New Granada), and 
the same day wrote a letter from that place to Viceroy Mendoza, 
which contained a severe censure of Niza's exaggerated report. 
The pueblo had some 200 warriors, about 1,000 inhabitants, 
adobe houses from three to four stories high. From Zuiii, Coro- 
nado visited the other six pueblos of the province which he com- 
pelled to surrender, after a somewhat desperate battle in which 
Coronado received a stone jwound in the head. Coronado then 
reprimanded Niza and sent him back to Mexico. 

47. Arellano's March — Spanish Settlements. — On his way to 
Cibola the army followed the road traveled by Cabeza de Vlaca 
four years before, and came to an Indian camp, which De Vaca 
named Corazones (Hearts), at or near the place where the City 
of TJres, State of Sonora, Mexico, now stands. Here Arellano 
founded the colony of San Geronimo de los Corazones (Saint 
Jerome of Hearts), but which he afterwards removed further 
into the interior. and gave it the name of Senora (Lady). From 
that place Arellano sent Maldonado to the coast in search of 
Alarcon, who soon returned without finding Alarcon, nor his 
vessels. Here also Arellano received, in October, instructions 
from Coronado to hasten the march of the army. 

48. The Army Starts for Cibola — Alarcon 's Letter— The 
Colorado River. — Arellano at once started for Cibola, leaving 
Melchor Diaz with eighty soldiers at Seiiora. After Arellano's 
departure Melchor Diaz wdth tjwenty-five men went to the coast 
to look for Alarcon, leaving Diego de Alcaraz in charge at Seiiora. 
On reaching the coast, where the Colorado River empties into the 
Gulf of California, he found -wTitten on a tree these words: 
"Alarcon arrived at this place; there are letters at the foot of 
this tree." In the letters Alarcon stated that, having in vain 
waited there a long time for instructions from Coronado, he had 
returned to New Spain (Mexico). 



34 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

49. Death of Diaz. — Melchor Diaz followed the opposite 
course of the Colorado River, to a point near its confluence with 
the Gila. Here he built rafts, crossed to the north side, and ex- 
plored the country far into what are now the States of California, 
Nevada, and Utah. Not finding anything of interest he retraced 
his steps, but Avas accidentally killed before reaching Seiiora. 

50. The Army Reaches Cibola — More Discoveries. — It was 
after the middle of October (1540) when the army reached 
Cibola, without encountering any accident. Acting on informa- 
tion given him by the Indians about a group of other pueblos 
some twenty-five miles from Cibola, Coronado sent seventeen 
soldiers under Pedro de Tovar and Fr. Juan de Padilla. Tovar 
soon found these pueblos, the principal one of which was Tu- 
sayan. He had to fight a battle, in which many Indians were 
killed, before taking posssession of the pueblos. Here Tovar 
heard of a great river (the Colorado, discovered by Melchor 
Diaz) inhabited by large pueblos. Tovar returned to Coronado 's 
quarters and reported what he had done. 

51. Second Discovery of the Colorado River. — Coronado at 
once sent Garcia Lopez de Cardenas with t,welve soldiers to dis- 
cover that river, and to take possession of its settlements. They 
traveled twenty days before reaching the river, and when they 
came to it they found a ravine so deep that the two men charged to 
descend to the water traveled down a narrow path from morning 
until four o'clock in the afternoon without reaching the water 
line. Cardenas and the others remained on the brink of the 
precipice until the two men returned. The two men who made 
the descent were Captain Melgosa and the soldier, Juan Galeras. 

52. Acuco, Ti^uex, Cicuye Discovered — Bigotes Submits.— 
The discovery of Acuco (Acoma), Tiguex (some ten or more 
pueblos lying on either side of the Rio Grande near the town of 
Bernalillo with Puara or Puaray as the principal one of the 
province), and Cicuye (Pecos) followed. An Indian from 
Cicuye visited Coronado at Zuiii and informed him of their ex- 
istence. This Indian was from Cicuye, and the Spaniards 
named him Bigotes (Mustache), on account of his having 
beard and mustache. Bigotes offered Coronado his sub- 
mission and the submission of all his people, and made him pres- 
ents of tanned buffalo hides and Indian pottery. He told Coron- 
ado that the hides were tanned from cows found not far from 
Cicuye. To verify that information, Coronado sent Hernando 



SPANISH REGIME 35 

de Alvarado with twenty soldiers and Bigotes, giving Alvarado 
eighty days to explore the whole country. 

53. Alvarado 's Journey — Headquarters for the Army — 
Turco. — The first pueblo Alvarado came to was Aeuco (Acoma) 
about fifty miles east from Zuiii. Acoma is built on the summit 
of a large impregnable rock, and is ascended by a very narrow 
path with steps carved in the rock. After some little resistance, 
Alvarado took possession of Acoma, receiving presents of turkeys, 
bread, deerskins, piiiones (pine tree nuts), corn meal, and corn. 
Alvarado then went to the Tiguex province, and was joyfully re- 
ceived by the Indians of Puaray, the chief pueblo. From Tiguex, 
Alvarado informed Coronado that the pueblo of Puaray was the 
best place for winter quarters, urging him to come there. From 
there Alvarado went to Cicuye, and found its inhabitants ready 
for submission. They came out to meet him, and gave him many 
presents of woolen and cotton goods, turquoises, and other things. 
Here Alvarado met an Indian that looked like a Turk, whom 
the Spaniards on that account called Turco. This Indian 
claimed to be from Florida. Turco told Alvarado that hisi 
country was very rich, thickly inhabited; that gold and silver 
could be found in large quantities. Alvarado returned from 
Cicuye and on reaching Tiguex, he met Cardenas with a few sol- 
diers. Cardenas had come to prepare quarters for the army. 

54. Coronado at Tiguex — Other Pueblos — The Gran 
Quivira. — Coronado, upon Cardenas' report, sent the army un- 
der Arellano to Tiguex, and he went ;with thirty men and a few 
Indians to discover the province of Tutahaco (comprising the 
pueblos of Laguna and Isleta). After taking peaceful pos- 
session of that province, Coronado went along the Rio Grande to 
Tiguex, where he met Alvarado, Turco (the Indian), and Car- 
denas. This was in September, 1540. Turco repeated to Coro- 
nado what he had told about his country, which is known as 
the Gran Quivira. Coronado now made up his mind to make a 
journey to that country, but as it was then winter he remained 
there until the spring of 1541. The army reached Tigaex shortly 
after Coronado, and the soldiers were lodged in the homes of the 
Indians who had been expelled by force from their homes by 
Cardenas and Alvarado and deprived of their clothes and pro- 
visions that the soldiers might have comfortable quarters. This 
cruel and inhuman treatment of the hospitable Indians was 
acquiesced in by Coronado, and was the seed which engendered 




MOST REV. DON JUAX BAUTISTA LAMY, ARCHBISHOP OF SANTA 
New Mexico's first Bishop, 1851, under the American Government 



SPANISH REGIME 37 

in the hearts of the New Mexico Pueblo Indians the hatred 
against the Spaniards which later (in 1680) culminated in the 
great rebellion. 

XIV 

55. First Insurrection — Cruelty of the Spaniards. — Because 
of the inclemency of the weather, Coronado ordered Juan Ale- 
man, Indian governor of Paaray, to gather from the Indians 
300 garments for the Spanish soldiers. The order was not com- 
plied with immediately, and Coronado sent soldiers to enforce it. 
The Indians were despoiled of all they had, even the clothes 
they were wearing, and were, besides, subjected to cruel treat- 
ment, and their families abused by the soldiers. These things 
brought about a hostile demonstration on the part of the In- 
dians, which ended in a liloody fight, in which many Indians 
were killed and a large number made prisoners. This was in 
March, 1541. To this cniel and unchristian treatment of the 
Indians the Franciscan Fathers protested, objected, and repri- 
manded the Spaniards. 

56. Siege of the Pueblo — Human Holocaust. — On hearing of 
the insurrection Coronado sent Cardenas with a large number 
of soldiers with instructions not to leave a single Indian alive. 
A siege was laid to the pueblo which lasted fifteen days, the In- 
dians fighting desperately until hunger and thirst compelled 
them to surrender, after losing 200 of their number. The Span- 
iards had several soldiers wounded and one officer, Captain 
Francisco de Obando, was killed. While the battle was raging, 
some 100 Indians surrendered to Captains Zaldivar and Melgosa 
and were sent to Cardenas' quarters. Cardenas, believing that 
said Indians had been made prisoners, ordered their immediate 
execution. All but two of the uhfortunate natives were burnt 
alive. When Cardenas became aware of his error, after the 
surrender of the other Indians, he made an effort under Corona- 
do's orders and the command of the priests, to reconcile the 
Indians, but was assaulted and wounded by them. 

57. Coronado Visits Cicuye — Delivery of Bigotes. — While 
the Tiguex pueblo was under siege, Coronado, fearing a general 
uprising by the Cicuye Indians, made a trip to Cicuye and de- 
livered to the natives of that pueblo, their governor, Bigotes, 
whom he had kept for six months in Puaray as a prisoner on a 
complaint of Turco, who had charged the Cicuye Indians with 



38 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

having stolen some bracelets from him. The Cicuye Indians 
were pleased when their governor was returned to them, and, on 
that account they submitted to Coronado, giving him many 
presents, among which was an Indian from Quivira, Xave. 
Coronado at once returned to Tiguex. 

58. Submission of the Whole Province — The Gran Quivira. 
— Upon Coronado 's return to Tiguex, preparations were made 
for the journey to the much lauded Gran Quivira. The Tiguex 
Indians had fled to the mountains, but De Tovar had already 
discovered and pacified the province of Queres or Quinx (which 
included the pueblos named today Cohiti, San Felipe, Santo 
Domingo, Zia, and Santa Ana, now deserted). All these pueblos 
are near Tiguex. The whole province being pacified, and every- 
thing ready, the celebrated march of Coronado to the Gran 
Quivira was undertaken by the whole army, no Spaniard re- 
maining in New Mexico. This journey was undertaken in May, 
1541. To the Indians of Zia, Coronado made a present, to show 
them his appreciation of their loyalty, of four pieces (cannons) 
of artillery which had previously been put out of commission. 

XV 

59. The Gran Quivira. — From Tiguex Coronado marched, 
with Xave and Turco as guides, going by way of Cicuye, thenet- 
in a southeastern direction until they again reached the Pecos 
River, at the place where the town of Puerto de Luna, Guadalupe 
County, is now. The river was very high and could not be 
forded, but the Spaniards built a bridge, and were thus able to 
continue their journey into the then limitless prairies (the 
staked plains). For several days the army traveled amid great 
sufferings for want of water. . Food they had plenty, the vast 
territorial expanse being literally covered with bisons (buffa- 
loes). 

60. Trace of Cabeza De Vaca — Ysopete. — In the course of 
the journey far into the interior of the wilderness, the Span- 
iards came to a large settlement through which Cabeza de Vaca 
and his companions had passed six years before. On the ap- 
proach of the army the Indians requested the Spaniards to bless 
them, the Indians making the sign of the cross and saying they 
had learned these things from three white men and a negro, who 
went through their land some time before. At this place the 



SPANISH REGIME 39 

Spaniards were joined by another Indian, whom they called 
Ysopete, who asked to be allowed to go with them as he knew 
the country better than Turco, and charging Turco with having 
told a falsehood to the Spaniards regarding the country. These 
charges were supported by Xave, who time and again called 
Turco an impostor. 

61. Council of War — Turco Arrested. — Coronado being dis- 
gusted with not having found, after thirty-seven days of constant 
travel, anything but wild Indians and wild animals, and being 
satisfied that Turco had lied to him, called a council of war, the 
result of the deliberations being that the army should return 
to Tiguex, and that Coronado, with thirty-six mounted and six 
infantry soldiers, should continue further into the interior. 
Coronado placed Turco under arrest, took him along, and made 
him travel on foot. Ysopete also accompanied Coronado as 
guide. Xave returned with the army. The separation of Cor- 
onado from his army took place near the southern part of what 
is now the State of Kansas. 

62. Return of the Army — New Discoveries. — Before start- 
ing, Arellano had 500 buffaloes killed and the meat sun-dried to 
provision the army. On his return Arellano took for guides some 
Indians called Teyas, and the start was made the earlier part of 
July, 1541, by a shorter route pointed out by the Indian guides, 
the journey to Tiguex having been made in twenty-five days. 
At Cicuye the army was received with hostile demonstrations. 
Arellano therefore continued his journey without stopping at 
Cicuye. On reaching Tiguex, the latter part of July, Arellano 
found the pueblos occupied by the Tiguex Indians, who, upon the 
arrival of the. Spaniards, again abandoned the pueblos, fleeing 
to the mountains. Arellano at once sent squads of soldiers in 
different directions, to explore the country and to gather pro- 
visions for the army. Barrionuevo went by way of Jemez, 
where he discovered seven pueblos (only one of them exists to- 
day), and gathered great quantities of corn, bread, and other 
provisions, which the Indians readily gave him. From Jemez 
Barrionuevo went northeast, discovering the pueblos of San Ilde- 
fonzo, Pojuaque, Nambe, Cuyamungue, Santa Clara, San Juan, 
and Abiquiu, and finally Taos (Braba), which he named Valla- 
dolid. Another captain explored the province of the Piros, 
Socorro County. 

63. The Gran Quivira — Coronado 's Return. — Coronado trav- 



40 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

eled forty days after leaving the army Avithout finding anything 
of consequence, arriving finally at a large settlement of Wichita 
Indians who lived in slender straw huts. This settlement, Cor- 
onado was informed, was the famous Gran Quivira. The exact 
location of the Quivira is supposed to be on the Arkansas River, 
State of Kansas, close to where Dodge City now stands. (Some 
reputable authors believe that it was on the Missouri River.) 
Coronado, realizing that he had been imposed upon by Turco, 
had him executed by strangulation and gave orders for the re- 
turn to Tiguex. 

64. Battle with the Cicuye Indians. — In the earlier part of 
October, 1541, Arellano, having heard that Coronado was on his 
way back, started with forty men to meet him. At Cicuye he 
found the Indians opposed to his going further and ready to 
fight. A battle followed, in which the Indians were whipped 
into submission, after many of them had been killed. Here 
Arellano waited for Coronado, who was not long in reaching the 
place. On Coronado 's arrival at Cicuye, the Indians again sub- 
mitted to his authority with demonstrations of joy. Coronado 
then proceeded to Tiguex, where he spent the winter with his 
army. 

XVI 

65. Letter to the Emperor — Coronado 's Failure. — On his re- 
turn to Tiguex, Coronado, keenly feeling his disappointment, and 
having been made the victim of Father Niza's exaggerations, on 
the 20th of October, 1541, made his last report to the emperor of 
Spain. In this report, Coronado manfully admits his failure; 
gives a full and complete account of his journey ; of his surprise 
at Niza's having wdlfully lied to him about the country; describes 
his suffering and wliat he found the Quivira to be ; states what 
discoveries had been made; relates the inclemency of the weather 
and the lack of fuel in the neighborhood of Tiguex ; informs the 
emperor of his going back to Mexico in the coming spring, and 
closes with these words: "There was nothing of what Fr. Mar- 
cos said . . . the best I have found is this river of Tiguex, 
where I am, and its towns which are not in position to be peo- 
pled. . . The land is so cold, as I have written to your Majes- 
ty, that it seems impossible for winter to be spent therein, there 
being neither wood nor clothing Avherewith men might be shel- 
tered. ' ' 



SPANISH REGIME 41 

66. Cold Causes Suffering— Injury to Coronado. — The win- 
ter was spent in extreme poverty, and without wood or sufficient 
clothing. In going through the country looking for provisions 
Coronado was thrown from his horse, the fall inflicting on him a 
severe injuiy which laid him up for some weeks. Cardenas, 
who had left Tiguex for Spain immediately upon the return of 
the army, returned to Tiguex, not having been able to proceed 
very far because the Indians in Sonora had killed all the Span- 
iards in the Spanish settlements. This sad news caused Corona- 
do much anxiety and prompted him to begin preparations for 
the return of the army to Mexico. 

67. The Return — The First Martyrs. — In the latter part of 
April, 1542, Coronado with his army left Tiguex for Mexico, 
taking with him all his men except Fr. Juan de Padilla, Fr. de 
Escalona, a Portuguese named Andres del Campo, and some few 
Indians of those that came with him from Mexico. The Fathers 
at once separated to preach the gospel among the Indians. 
Father De Padilla, accompanied by Del Campo, went back to the 
Gran Quivira, where he was murdered by the Indians while de- 
livering a sermon. Del Campo escaped as soon as he saw what 
was to happen. Fr. De Escalona remained preaching the gospel 
in Cicuye, where he also was killed by the Indians of that pueblo. 
The Mexican Indians, some three or four, remained at Zuni,- 
where Espejo found them forty years after (1582). Coronado 
reached the City of Mexico in August (1542) . Mendoza received 
him with marked indifference, relieving him of the post of gov- 
ernor of New Galicia which he was occuping when sent to New 
Mexico. Thus ended the remarkable and eventful, though fruit- 
less entry of Coronado. 



CHAPTER V 

XVII 



68. First Mission. — After the return of Coronado to Mexico 
(1542) no other entry of importance 
took place until the year 1581, except 
an entry made in 1564, by Don Fran- 
cisco Ibarra, then governor of New 
Viscaya, who came at the head of an 
expedition composed of fifty soldiers 
under Pedro de Tovar.(one of Coron- 
ado 's captains), and several Francis- 
can Fathers with Fr. Aeebedo as su- 
perior. It was in the year 1581, 
wheu two Franciscan Fathers and a 
Franciscan Brother, named Juan de 
Santa Maria, Francisco Lopez, and 
Agustin Rodriguez (known in history 
as Rodriguez and Ruiz) respectively, 
came to New Mexico. These mission- 
aries were accompanied by eight sol- 
diers under Captain Francisco San- 
chez Chasmuscado. The names of the 
soldiers were : Felipe Escalante, 
Hernando Barrado, Jose Sanchez, Pe- 
dro Sanchez de Chavez, 
Herrera, and Fuensalido. 
The object of these mis- 
"J^^ sionaries was to teach the 

^^OFTESUQUc- ""' ""^'-" Indians the Christian re- 

^PP*'' ligion. The soldiers were 

sent to escort and protect 
the Fathers; eight friendly 
Indians from Mexico canu' 
with them as servants. 
Thus it was that the first 
missions in New Mexico were preached in 1581. 




Courtesy 0/ J. C. Candelario, Santa Fe, N. M. 



INDIAN GOVERNOR OF THE PUEBLO OP 
TESUQUE 



SPANISH REGIME 43 

69. The Journey Along the Rio Grande.— June 5, 1581, the 
Fathers and the rest of the party left San Bartolome (then the 
northernmost mission in what is now the State of Chihuahua). 
They came traveling along the Rio Grande from the confluence of 
that river with the Conchos. The Fathers, on reaching the Rio 
Grande, named it Guadalquivir, because it looked to them as 
large as the Guadalquivir of Spain. On their way they preach- 
ed in every pueblo along the river and were cordiall}^ received 
everywhere. When they reached Tiguex they established their 
headquarters in the pueblo of Puaray, this pueblo being the 
same where Coronado had forty years before made his quarters. 

70. Discovery of Mines — The Soldiers Desert the Fathers. — 
The missions being thus established, in October, 1581, Chamus- 
cado and his companions made several trips over the country 
looking for mines, discovering some in the Piros province (now 
Socorro County). Chamuscado and his soldiers, in January, 
1582, returned to Mexico (Chamuscado dying before reaching 
the City of Mexico), leaving the Fathers in New Mexico without 
protection. They took a quantity of silver ore with them, which 
was essayed in Mexico and found to contain fifty per cent of 
silver. 

71. The Fathers Name the Province Nev^r Mexico — Their 
Death. — Fr. Rodriguez and his companions made thousands of 
conversions among the Indians and were so well pleased with the 
country and its inhabitants that they named it New Mexico, and 
sent a report to Mexico by Father Juan de Santa Maria. The 
latter, relying on his knowledge of the stars, and prompted also 
by a desire to discover other places, took a different route. He 
had traveled only three days when the Indians, while the Father 
was asleep by the roadside, killed him, by casting a large stone 
over his head. Father Lopez and Fr. Rodriguez and the friend- 
ly Indians who came with them from Mexico, were a few days 
after murdered by the Indians of Tiguex in the pueblo of Puaray. 
These murders were committed in the earlier part of 1582. The 
Franciscan Fathers at Bartolome soon learned of the fate of 
these Fathers. Though these Fathers Avere the first to apply the 
name New ]\Iexico to the province, they were not the originators 
of that title. The name had been known in Mexico since 1568. 



44 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

XVIII 

72. Expedition of Deliverance. — After Clianmscado and the 
other soldiers had reached San Bartolome the force disbanded, 
Chamuscado, Pedro' de Bustamente, and Hernando Barrado go- 
ing to Mexico City, to report to the viceroy the result of their 
trip. Chamuscado died before reaching Mexico; Bustamente 
and Barrado reached the city in May, 1582 ; they made a report 
of their discoveries a*id 'iurned over the silver ore to the royal 
assayer. From Barrado 's testimony, Mendoza learned of the 
rumors that Fr. Ruiz and his companions had been murdered. 
At San Bartolome Father Beltran, upon hearing the sad nimors 
at once took steps to organize an expedition to rescue Fr. Lopez 
and his companions, if alive. Antonio de Espejo, a rich noble, 
who was then at San Bartolome, volunteered to head the expedi- 
tion, defraying the expenses himself. The necessary authority 
having been obtained, Father Beltran placed everything in Es- 
pejo 's hands and agreed to accompany Espejo. 

73. Espejo Starts — A Woman in the Party. — Being well sup- 
plied with arms, food, provisions, mules, and horses, Espejo 
started from San Bartolome November 10, 1582. With him were 
fourteen soldiers whose names were Juan Lopez de Ibarra, Diego 
Perez de Lujan, Gaspar de Lujan, Cristobal Sanchez, Gregorio 
Hernandez, Juan Hernandez, Miguel Sanchez Valenciano, La- 
zaro Sanchez, Miguel Sanchez Nevado, Pedro Hernandez de Al- 
mansa, Francisco Barrado, Bernardo de Luna, and Juan de Frias. 
Two other Franciscans, besides Father Beltran, namely. Father 
Juan de la Cruz and Pedro de Heredia, joined the expedition 
for the purpose of taking up the christianization of the Indians 
with Father Lopez and his companions, if found alive, or by 
themselves if said Fathers had been murdered. Following the 
example of the Spanish women who fought side by side \^ath 
their husbands in the conquest of Mexico and South America, 
the wife of Miguel Sanchez Valenciano, \\dth her two sons, ac- 
companied the expedition. 

74. The Journey — Cabeza de Vaca. — Espejo followed the 
same route traveled by Father Lopez and his companions seven- 
teen months before. With one exception, the Indians along the 
Rio Grande before reaching Tiguez, gave him a kind reception. 
Espejo named the Indian pueblos he went through before reach- 
ing New Mexico as follows: The Concho Indians, the Pasa- 



SPANISH REGIME 45 

guates, the Tobasos, and the Patarabiieyes, called also Jumanos. 
This pueblo was close to the Pinos nation. The Jumanos were 
the ones that opposed with force the Spaniards in their march ; 
but the Spaniards defeated them and made them swear obedi- 
ence to the king. At the pueblo of Jumanos Espejo noticed 
that the Indians made the sign of the cross and prayed with 
their eyes to heaven. On being asked how they knew those 
things, they answered that several years before three white men 
and a negro (Cabeza de Vaca and his companions) visited them 
and taught them the knowledge of a Supreme Being and how to 
talk with Him. 

75. Espejo Reaches Tiguex. — From the pueblo Jumanos Es- 
pejo went direct to Tiguex, which was near the Jumanos, where 
the Spaniards learned of the martyrdom of Fathers Juan de 
Santa Maria, Lopez, and Fr. Rodriguez (Ruiz). The Indians 
of Puaray, fearing Espejo 's punishment for having killed the 
Fathers, deserted the pueblo, going to the nearby mountains, 
and leaving in their homes great quantities of provisions, many 
turkeys, and some rich metals. Here the Spaniards remained 
for several days before they made up their minds as to whether 
they should return or explore the country. Espejo finally got 
his companions to agree to further explorations. 

XIX 

76. Espejo Explores — New Mexico's New Name. — Fixing 
his headquarters at Puaray, Espejo began an exploration of the 
entire province, which he named Nueva Andalucia. At Zuiii, he 
found the Mexican Indians that had remained there from Coron- 
ado's expedition, forty-one years before; also the crosses left 
by Coronado. Here Espejo was informed that rich metals ex- 
isted some seventy days' travel to the west. Coronado had made 
a trip to the locality where he was informed the gold and silver 
metals could be found. He found the place near the Gila River, 
some 135 miles from Zufii. 

77. Rich Ore Found — Father Beltran's Return. — The mines 
first discovered by Espejo 's men were valuable. Espejo says 
that he drew out with his own hands very rich ores. Espejo 
then returned to Zuiii, where Father Beltran and some of the 
soldiers, who already had made up their minds to return to 
Mexico, were w^aiting for him. Espejo did not object to the re- 



46 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

turn of Father Beltran and others who wanted to go. The 
party was divided, Espejo and eight soldiers remaining in New 
Mexico, and the Fathers with the rest of the men returning to 
San Bartolome. This was in May, 1583. 

78. Espejo Finds More Mines. — The separation effected, Es- 
pejo visited all the pueblos in the province of the Queres, which 
he called Cumanes. Here again Espejo found rich silver and 
gold ore in the mountains near Zia. From there he traveled 
in an easterly direction, visiting the other pueblos as far as the 
pueblo of the Tanos (now in ruins near the place where the town 
of Galisteo, Santa Fe County, stands), at which place he became 
convinced that further explorations with such a small number 
of men was dangerous, and concluded to retrace his steps to- 
wards San Bartolome, and fit out another and larger expedition . 
to colonize the country, in which efforts he failed after his return 
to San Bartolome. 

79. Espejo 's Return. — In the earlier part of July, 1583, af- 
ter having received the submission of all the Indians in New 
Mexico, Espejo started back to Mexico from the Tanos pueblo, 
going by way of the Rio de las Vacas, which name the Span- 
iards gave to the Pecos River, on account of the very large 
number of bisons (buffalo) found near it, and arriving at San 
Bartolome the next month, August, where he found Father 
Beltran and the rest of the party. Thus it was that after twelve 
months spent in the expedition, its object was not accomplished ; 
yet the result was beneficial because of the discovery of more 
mines, and because of the spiritual good done by the Fathers 
among the Indians. Espejo made further efforts to obtain au- 
thority from the king for another expedition to colonize the 
country, but failed, as was the case with the efforts made by Cris- 
toval Martin and others. These efforts failed because Francisco 
Diaz de Vargas, to whom the king referred the petitions of 
Espejo and the others, reported adversely. 

XX 

80. Contention Between Lomas and Velasco. — In the year 
1589, Juan Bautista de Lomas y Colmenares had obtained from 
Viceroy Villamanrique authority to conquer and colonize New 
Mexico at his own expense ; but the king not approving De Lo- 
mas 's petition, the effort failed. In 1592 the new viceroy, Velas- 






B^^u.^^^. 



2!;i?^>^^>^>p!^f ' x^;^ 






^>^ 



^^i" 



^ c-^^J^-^^7 






f 






Si» -i ^'-^^ ..^.^ 



HAND WRITTEN BALLOT 

Above is a list of officials elected by the electoral college in Santa 
Fe on the 7th of October, 1845. The first two names are the 
ones elected as the regular diputado (delegate) and his proxy. 
The five names following are of those elected as the regular mem- 
bers of the Departmental Assembly and the last three were elected 
as proxies. The original is in the possession of the author of 
this work 



48 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

CO, gi-anted Francisco de Urdiiiola authority to conquer New 
Mexico. This effort failed also by reason of Urdifiola's arrest 
on the complaint of De Lomas, charging him with the murder 
of his (Urdifiola's) wife. De Lomas made another effort in 1595 
before Viceroy Monterey with the same result : a failure. 

81. Castaiio De Sosa. — In the year 1590, there lived in the 
city of San Luis Potosi a man of great prestige, with a brilliant 
military record. He was the mayor of the city, a noble, and 
very wealthy. The reports constantly made of the fabulous 
riches said to exist in New Mexico enthused him to the point of 
seeing and colonizing the newly discovered country. Without 
asking the king's authority he began to organize an expedition 
at his own cost, gathering in men, women, and children, some 
170 persons, besides wagons, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle, 
and all other things necessary for the founding of colonies. 

82. The Entry — De Sosa's Success. — Castano de Sosa started 
with his colonists from San Luis Potosi July 27, 1590. His 
route was partly along the Rio Grande and partly along the Pecos 
River, which he called Rio Salado (Salt River). He visited all 
the pueblos of New Mexico ; was kindly received by all of them 
except one, where he had to use force to overcome the resistance 
shown by its inhabitants. It was Castano de Sosa who in 1590 
established among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico the pecu- 
liar form of government which they have to this date. He was 
arrested in the pueblo of Cochiti, 1590, by Captain Juan Moreie, 
who had been sent with an escort of soldiers by the viceroy for 
that purpose, and was taken back to Mexico with the rest of the 
party. 

83. Humana and Bonilla. — Juan de Humana and a Portu- 
guese named Francisco Leyva Bonilla, acting without any re- 
quired authority, and while Castaiio de Sosa was in New Mexico, 
together with other adventurers and some Mexican Indians, 
penetrated into the Gran Quivira country' and discovered great 
quantities of gold, but on their return Humaiia and Bonilla quar- 
reled, Humana killing Bonilla and being himself killed by the 
Quivira Indians with the entire party, except one of the Mexican 
Indians, named Jusepe, who escaped and came to Tiguez in New 
Mexico, where he was found in 1598, by Ofiate, and told the story 
of the fate of Humana 's expedition. 



CHAPTER VI 
XXI 

84. The First Conquest — Oiiate. — For several years after Cas- 
tano cle Sosa's entry nothing more was done to conquer New 
Mexico, althongh the country was ripe for its accomplishment. 
In the year 1585, there lived in Mexico Juan de Onate, great- 
grandson of Hernan Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, and of 
Montezuma, Mexico's Indian emperor at the time of Cortes' 
conquest of that country. Don Juan de Oiiate was the son of 
Don Cristobal Onate (who during the conquest of Mexico was 
one of the most famous of Cortes' captains, and afterwards 
founder of the city of Zacatecas) and of Dona Isabel Tolosa, 
granddaughter of Cortes and great-granddaughter of Montezu- 
ma. Thus it was that New Mexico's tirst conqueror was of noble 
descent on his father's and on his mother's side. With all that, 
he was very cruel to his conquered fellow-Indians in New^ Mex- 
ico. Don Juan de Oiiate had a high military reputation and was 
immensely wealthy. These circumstances contributed largely to 
his success in conquering New Mexico. 

85. Onate 's Efforts — His Enemies. — In the year 1595, the 
25th of September, Onate presented his petition to Viceroy Velas- 
co, agreeing to defray all the expenses and to furnish soldiers, 
colonists, and all things necessary for an eifective conquest. In 
return he asked to be made governor and captain-general, with a 
salary of 8000 ducats (about $20,000 ; that he be given a ninety- 
mile grant of the conquered land and, further, that he and his 
descendants be made liijos dalgos (nobles). He also asked for a 
loan of $20,000. Yelasco approved Onate 's petition on the 24th 
of August, the same year, granting everything he asked. While 
Onate, assisted by his ])rothers, Fernando and Cristoval, and his 
nephews, Juan and Vicente Zaklivar, were organizing the expedi- 
tion, his enemies were at work with Viceroy Monterey, Velasco 's 
successor, trying to annul Oiiate 's authority and to have Pedro 
Ponce de Leon appointed in his place, in which they partially 
succeeded. 



50 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

86. The Fight and Its Result. — Onate was about to start with 
his expedition from Santa Barbara when a royal decree reached 
him to suspend the expedition and to appear before the viceroy 
to answer the charges filed against him. This was in May, 1596. 
Without advising his soldiers and colonists of what had happened, 
Ohate took up the fight, retaining his army and headquarters at 
Santa Barbara for the eighteen months it took him to overcome 
the charges, and have his appointment confirmed. This he 
achieved in December, 1597, and at once made ready for his 
memorable march. 

87. The Start and Entry.— Early on the 26th of January, 
1598, Ohate started from San Bartolome with a party of 400, of 
which number 130 were colonists Avith their families; the rest 
were soldiers, servants, eleven Franciscan Fathers and three 
Franciscan Brothers. The Fathers were Fr. Alonzo Martinez 
(superior), Fr. Marquez, Fr. Francisco Zamora, Fr. Juan Rosas, 
Fr. Alonzo Lugo, Fr. Francisco de San Miguel, Fr. Andres Cor- 
chado, Fr. Juan de San Buenaventura, Fr. Pedro Yergara, Fr. 
Cristoval Salazar, and Fr. Juan Claros. The three lay brothers 
were Martin, Francisco, and Juan de Dios. The names of the 
ofificers were, besides the governor, Don Cristoval de Ohate, the 
eighteen-year old son of the governor, who was appointed by his 
father as lieutenant-governor ; Juan de Zaldivar, aide-de-camp ; 
Yiceute Zaldivar, chief sergeant; Gaspar de Yillagra (who in 
1610 published in Spain, in epic form, the first history of New 
Mexico entitled, llisioriade la Nuevoa Mexico), solicitor general; 
and Pablo Aguilar Aranjo, Ascencion de Archuleta, Ayarde, 
Dionicio Barruelos, Juan Benitez, Divero Alonzo Quezada, Juan 
Gutierres, Juan Pinero, Marcelo Espinosa, Farfan de los Godos, 
Diego Landin, Geronimo Marquez, Diego Niihez, Bernabe de las 
Casas, Geronimo de Heredia, and Leon Zapata, as subordinate 
officers. Ohate brought along 7,000 head of cattle and eighty- 
three wagons with provisions and tools. 

88. Onate Takes Possession of New Mexico. — The expedition 
reached the Conchos River on the 7th of February. From the 
Conchos he took a short cut, and was lost for four days, during 
Avhich time all suffered greatly for lack of water. On the fourth 
day they reached the Rio Grande. This great river was forded 
with much difficulty, and the march continued on the east side of 
the stream until April 30, 1598, when Ohate encamped near the 
Rio Grande, some few miles below the place where the town of 



SPANISH REGIME 



51 



San Marcial stands today. Here, and on that day, he took 
formal and solemn possession of the country, and then continued 
his march into the interior, along the east shore of the Rio 
Grande, visiting all the pueblos on his route until he reached 




GENERAL MANUEL ARMIJO 
Mexico's last Govermir under Mexican 



the Tiguex province, stopping in the pueblo of Puaray, where 
he found painted on the wall of one of the rooms a picture of 
the torture suffered by Fathers Francisco Lopez and his com- 
panions seventeen years before. In Puaray, Giiate met the 
Mexican Indian, Jusepe, the only survivor of the Humana ex- 



52 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

pedition and learned from him of the riches of the Quivira, and 
tlie fatal ending of Hnmafia and his people. 

89. New Mexico's First Colony — San Juan de los Cabal- 
leros.— From Pnaray, Ohate continued his march to the north, 
visiting all the pueblos on the east side of the Rio Grande, until 
he reached the pueblo of San Juan de los Caballeros (then known 
as Caypa) July 11, 1598. Because of the hospitality with which 
the Caypa Indians received the Spaniards, Oiiate gave that 
pueblo the name of San Juan de Los Caballeros (St. John of the 
Gentlemen). A short distance south of this pueblo, on the east 
side of the Rio Grande, Oiiate esta])lished his first provisional 
colony and named it San Gabriel, parceled out lots among the 
colonists, built a chapel for the Indians, and received the sub- 
mission of nearly all the pueblos through their respective govern- 
ors, who had, in obedience to Ohate 's order, gathered at the pueblo 
of San Juan for that purpose. Oiiate then divided the pueblos 
into missions and assigned priests to each mission as follows : 
Father Miguel to Cicuye (Pecos) ; Fr. Zamora to the Queres and 
Tiguex provinces ; Fr. Lugo to the Jemez province ; Fr. Cor- 
chado to the Zia pueblos, and Fr. Cristoval to the Teguas pro- 
vince, with headquarters at San Juan. The Tegua province em- 
braced all the pueblos north of Santo Domingo on either side of 
the Rio Grande. 

XXII 

90. Discovery of the Jemez Hot Springs — Foundation of the 
First City and Capital. — After having remained for a consider- 
able time at San Gabriel, Onate thought it was time to select a 
site for a city which was to be the capital. Accordingly, on 
July 13, 1599, he started on a visit to all the pueblos from Taos 
to Cicuye and Jemez, without finding a suitable place for the 
purpose. During that trip Ohate discovered the famous sulphur 
and hot springs a few miles above the pueblo of Jemez. On the 
10th of August he returned to San Gabriel and reported the 
result of his explorations. It was then unanimously resolved to 
build the capital city at the place where they had provisionally 
settled. It was so built and named San Francisco and was 
given an organized municipal government. 

91. Conspiracy of AguUar. — By the time the Spaniards first 
reached San Juan, great discontent existed among them for 
want of the necessaries of life, and on account of Oiiate 's ar- 



SPANISH REGIME 53 

rogaiice and despotism. Captain Aguilar, with forty-five sol- 
diers, had secretly planned a seditious movement, which cul- 
minated in a mutiny in which the conspirators were defeated. 
Ag'uilar and most of his followers having implored Oiiate's par- 
don, were forgiven, but four of the conspirators escaped, taking 
with them several horses. They were pursued by a squad of 
soldiers under Captains Villagra and Marquez and two of them 
(together with the stolen horses) were captured, the men being 
executed hy strangulation near Santa Barbara. 

92. Oiiate's Trip to the Gulf of California— Third Discovery 
of Mines. — While Marquez and Villagra were absent, in pursuit 
of the four fugitives, Ouate, accompanied by Fr. Martinez (the 
superior), Captains Farfan and Quezada and some soldiers, made 
a western trip with the object of discovering the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia, and some rich mines which they had heard existed near 
Moqui. They discovered the mines west of Moqui and saw that 
other Spaniards (Espejo) had already worked them. Before 
leaving the settlement Oiiate had sent Vicente Zaldivar to ex- 
plore the Quivira country and left Juan Zaldivar in charge of 
the colonies, to whom he sent instructions to turn the govern- 
ment over to his brother, Vicente Zaldivar, upon his return from 
Quivira, and for him, Juan Zaldivar, to follow Ofiate. Discord 
had now become general among the colonists, and Juan Zaldivar 
was on that account unable to comply with Oiiate's order as 
soon as he wished, but did so without much loss of time, leaving 
with thirty soldiers for Zuni, where Oiiate was waiting for him, 
November 18, 1599. In the mean time Villagra and his com- 
panions were returning to tlie settlement. 

98. Treasonable Acomas — Death of Juan Zaldivar. — On 
reaching the pueblo of Acoma, Juan Zaldivar encamped at the 
foot of the stone mesa, December 3d, and the next day, acceed- 
ing to the urgent invitations of the Indians, he, with six soldiers, 
went up the mesa into the pueblo. The moment he was within 
the entrance to the pueblo the Indians, in large numbers, rushed 
upon Zaldivar and three of the soldiers that were with him, the 
other three having remained at the entrance. Zaldivar and the 
three soldiers fought desperately, hand to hand, but soon 
perished. The three soldiers at the entrance at once rushed 
back to the camp and informed their companions of what had 
happened. The soldiers at the camp at once sent two couriers 
with the news, one to Onate and one to the settlement. Upon 



54 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



receiving the bad news Onate abandoned his trip to the Gulf 
and returned to the settlement with his men and with Juan 
Zaldivar's squad, in order to take steps for the punishment of 
the treasonable Aeomas. 

94. Fathers Advise War Against the Aeomas. — Once back 
in the settlement, Oiiate asked the Franciscan Fathers for an 
immediate opinion on the causes that would justify a declaration 
of war against the Aeomas. The Franciscans held a consulta- 
tion. After a thorough investigation of the killing of Zaldivar 
and the three soldiers, and in a very able document (published 
in full in Read's Illustrated History of New Mexico) they in- 
formed Oiiate of all justifiable grounds for a war. The opinion 
fitted the treasonable conduct of the Aeomas. It is signed, ' ' Fray 

Alonzo Martinez, Apostolic 
Commisary. ' ' Oiiate lost 
no time in fitting an expe- 
dition composed of the 
cream of his army, with 
eight of the most distin- 
guished of his captains, un- 
der Vicente Zaldivar, who 
was thought the proper 
person to avenge the death 
of his brother and country- 
men, Avith seventy soldiers. 

XXIII 

95. The March to Aco- 

ma. — The preparation for 
a vigorous campaign being 
completed, the little army 
of seventy-eight set out on 
a war expedition, to give 
battle to a pueblo defend- 
ed by the impregnable 
Acomo rock and 6,000 sav- 
age Indians. Oiiate gave 
to Vicente Zaldivar eight 
of his most famed captains, 
namely, Zubia, Romero, Aguilar, Farfan, Villagra, Marquez, 
Juan Cortez, and Juan Velarde. The soldiers and officers were 




CHARLES BENT 

First Governor under the American 

Government 



SPANISH REGIME 55 

all well moiuited. January 12, 1599, the attacking army left 
the settlement for Acoma and arrived at the Aeoma Rock on 
the 21st. 

96. Zaldivar's Effort to Avoid Battle Fail.— The same day 
Vicente Zaldivar got things in readiness for the storming of the 
pueblo, but thought it more advisable, in order to avoid the shed- 
ding of blood, to demand first the surrender of the Indians who 
had murdered Juan Zaldivar and his soldiers. He accordingly 
sent a messenger to the Indian governor, Avho for answer scorned 
the messenger and told him to tell the Spaniards that they 
would all be killed if they dared to assault the pueblo. The 
answer inflamed the spirits of the Spaniards and the order was 
given to storm the pueblo at daylight the next day, January 22d. 

97. The Assault — Fall of Acoma — Schools Established. — 
At peep of day (January 22d) the Spaniards made the assault, 
and before midday they had gained the entrance to the pueblo, 
for which they had to fight inch by inch. Once inside of the 
pueblo the battle raged furiousl}^ all day, the Spaniards gain- 
ing more and more until darkness compelled both sides to cease 
fighting. The next day at dawn, the Spaniards renewed the as- 
sault, fighting that day and the next so fiercely that, notwith- 
standing the great odds they were fighting against, by midday 
the 2-4th the Indians had been completely overcome, 600 of them 
surrendering ; the rest, with their families, fleeing from one place 
to another, were either killed or captured. The loss of the 
Spaniards was considerable, and that of the Indians very great. 
The suiTender of the Aeomas placed the whole province of New 
Mexico in the complete control of the Spaniards, who then turned 
their attention to the advancement of the colony. The Fran- 
ciscans, on the return of the Acoma expedition, at once estab- 
lished in most of the pueblos schools for the teaching of reading, 
writing, agriculture, music, carpentry, and other arts, this being 
in February and March, 1599. 



CHAPTER VII 
XXIV 

98. Report and Requisition. — Satisfied with the victory of 
the Spanish arms over the rebellious Acomas, Oiiate thought it 
proper to report to the royal authorities the result of his journey 
and to ask for reenforcements in order to continue the conquest 
of the Quivira country. He wrote a report giving the details of 
all his achievements, sending one copy each to the King of 
Spain and the viceroy in Mexico. In March, 1599, Don Vicente 
Zaldivar made the trip to Spain, and Captains Villagra, Farfan, 
and Pinero went to the City of Mexico. Fathers Martinez and 
Salazar accompanied the captains, to bring more priests and to 
expose the criminal conduct of Oiiate, which had already become 
intolerable, both in his private and in his public official life. 

99. Sad Situation of the Colonists — Onate's Despotism. — 
The departure of the emissaries to Spain and Mexico left only 
100 soldiers to retain control of New Mexico, and a very scant 
((uantity of provisions. The condition of the colonists was 
pitiable; they had little to eat and as they had no crops the year 
before they were constrained to partake of what little corn the 
Indians had, which did not last long. In the meantime Onate 
was occupied Avith efforts to enhance his military fame and dis- 
cover mines, regardless of the suffering he was causing the 
colonists and the Indians by his neglecting them. The Fathers, 
seeing that Oiiate 's heart had become hardened by his licentious 
life and insatiable thirst for gold, reprimanded him, but that 
only resulted in his becoming a true despot and taking every- 
thing the colonists and the Indians had, in provisions and cloth- 
ing, to give to the soldiers that were to accompany him to the 
Gran Quivira, a journey he was about to undertake. 

100. Onate's Journey to Quivira — Battle w^ith the Escan- 
jaque Indians. — Infatuated by Jusepe's exaggerated reports of 
the riches of Quivira, Onate closed his eyes to everything else 
and organized his expedition to the country of his dreams, and 
set out in June, 1601, taking with him all the soldiers, including 



SPANISH REGIME 57 

the reenforceinents he had received the year before from Mexico, 
and Fathers Velasco and Vergara and the Indian Jnsepe. On 
reaching Quivira, he found the Quiviras at war with the Es- 
canjaque Indians, their neighbors. One of the priests under- 
took to reconcile the warring tribes and was assaulted by one 
of the Escanjaques, whereupon the Spaniards rushed to his de- 
fense, thus precipitating one of the most disastrous battles of 
those times. The battle lasted the entire day with a loss of 
1,000 Indians and a few wounded Spaniards. On account of the 
fierceness of the battle, the Spaniards called the place El Llano 
de la Matanza (The Plain of the Massacre). Not finding the 
gold he was seeking, Onate in October returned to the settlement 
and found the colony almost deserted, the greater part of the 
colonists and Franciscans having gone back to Mexico rather 
than starve to death. 

XXV 

101. Charges Against Onate. — For the reasons above stated, 
Father Juan de Escalon, who had succeeded Father Martinez, 
wrote to the mother-house on October 1, 1601, a very strong 
letter against Oiiate. It was a severe arraignment, a shocking 
exposure of Onate 's conduct, and a full report of the conquest 
and success of the labors of the Franciscans to that date. This 
letter was taken to Mexico by Fathers de San Miguel, de Zamora, 
Izquierdo, Gaston, and Peralta, who accompanied the colonists 
back to Mexico. (That letter and another written at Santa 
Barbara by Fr. de San Miguel will be found in Read's Illus- 
trated Histoinj of New Mexico, pp. 237-242.) 

102. Zaldivar Defended Oiiate — Royal Decree. — In Spain, 
Zaldivar defended his uncle Onate. The hearing and investiga- 
tion resulted in a reconciliation and the issuing of a decree by 
the king, dated at San Lorenzo, Spain, July 8, 1602, by which 
the conquest was officially acknowledged. Oiiate and his rela- 
tives, together with all his soldiers and colonists, were given the 
rank of nobility; more Fathers, more soldiers, and an abundance 
of provisions were sent to New Mexico. These reenforcements 
and supplies reached the settlement in New Mexico the earlier 
part of 1604, restoring thus the much needed harmony and as- 
suring the development of the countrv. 

103. Oiiate 's Visit to the Gulf.— In October, 1604, Father 
Francisco Escobar (who had succeeded Fr. Escalona), Oiiate, 



SPANISH REGIME 59 

and the other Franciscans, agreed on a friendly settlement of 
their difficulties, which resulted in Father Escobar consenting 
to acompany Onate on his journey to the Gulf of California, 
which Onate was about to undertake. Accordingly, October 7th, 
Oilate set out from the settlement with thirty soldiers and 
Fathers Escobar and Buena Ventura, visiting Acoma, Zuni, and 
Moqui, and traveling over practically the same path traversed 
by Cardenas thirty years before, when he discovered the Colo- 
rado River. On the 28th of January, 1605, Onate arrived at 
the Colorado River and gave it the name of Rio Grande de Buena 
Esperanza (Large River of Good Hope). Following the couree 
of the river, he reached the Gulf on the 25th of February and 
named the harbor Puerto de la Conversion de San Pablo (Port 
of Saint Paul's Conversion). For several months Oiiate occu- 
pied himself resting and making explorations from the Gulf, re- 
turning to the settlement April 25, 1605, where he remained un- 
til the following year. 

104. Founding of Santa Fe.— In 1606 Onate, with nearly all 
the colonists, moved to the site where Santa Fe is today, and at 
once founded the village which has from that date been the 
capital of New Mexico. Oiiate, after founding the city, built 
the palace and the chapel of San Miguel, both buildings being 
in use to this day, the chapel being used by the Christian 
Brothers, and the palace being used by the archaeological and 
historical societies, after having served for centuries as the of- 
ficial residence of the governors under the Spanish, the Mexican, 
and the American governments. Oiiate ceased to be governor in 
1608, and was succeeded by Don Pedro de Peralta. 



CHAPTER VIII 
XXVI 

105. Good Work of the Fathers — Troublesome Governor.— 
With the advent of Governor Peralta the Franciscans renewed 
their efforts to spread Christianity and civilization among the 
Indians. Their work was giving good results, the nnniher of 
conversions from 1598 to 1608 having reached 8,000, so that when 
the new commissary (superior), Father Peinado, with nine other 
missionaries, came wdth Peralta, he found in New Mexico a good 
field, so far as the Indians were concerned, but the Spaniards 
had almost disappeared. In 1617 the entire Spanish population 
was reduced to forty-seven men, between soldiers and colonists. 
Governor Peralta at this time was ruling the Indians despotically, 
until the Franciscans could stand it no longer, the trouble cul- 
minating in 1620 in a decree of excommunication issued by 
Father Peinado against Peralta, from which the governor ap- 
pealed to Mexico", the affair terminating in a reprimand to the 
governor by the viceroy and Fr. Peinado 's censure b.y his su- 
perior, and the removal of both, Father Geronimo Zarate Sal- 
meron (famed historian) succeeding Peinado and Felipe Zotylo 
succeeding Peralta. This happened in 1621. 

106. Father Benavides's Report. — Fr. Alonzo Benavides, first 
regular commissary (custodio), succeeded Salmeron in 1626, and 
he gave the province a great forward impulse in the year 1630 
by appearing in person before the king in Madrid, Spain, and 
presenting a complete and comprehensive memorial which showed 
the true condition of things in New Mexico. Father Benavides's 
report (published as Appendix I in Read's Illustrated Historij 
of New Mexico) shows that he had visited all of New Mexico and 
the Gran Quivira, of which country he gives a complete and 
very interesting description, mentioning its riches, inhabitants, 
latitude, and topography, and describing the sufferings he and 
his companions had to undergo while preaching the gospel to 
those far-off wild tribes of savages. Regarding New IMexico 
proper. Father Benavides's report shows that there were in 1630 



SPANISH REGIME 61 

fifty Franciscans scattered among the Pueblo Indians and the 
savage tribes in New Mexico and Quivira ; that more than 7,000 
Indians had been converted ; that there were twenty-tive missions 
with an industrial school and a church in each mission ; that the 
ecclesiastical, the military, and the civil governments were sup- 
ported by the voluntary contributions of the Indians and the 
Spaniards, w^iich consisted of a share each man gave of his 
harvest and stock ; that the capital, Santa Fe, had a population 
of 250 Spanish families and that the province was being de- 
veloped by the fruitful efforts of the missionaries with the co- 
operation of the colonists. 

107. Zotylo and His Successors. — Zotylo was succeeded in 
1629 by Governor Manuel Silva, who in 1640 was followed by 
Fernando de Argiiello and next by Luis Rosas, in 1641. Noth- 
ing important happened during the occupancy of the last named 
governors, except an occasional fight with the Apache or the 
Comanche tribes, but the feeling against the Spaniards was bitter 
among the Pueblo Indians, who were given daily proofs that 
they were not any longer the friends of their conquerors. Here 
and there indications of a coming uprising Avere observed, the 
Franciscans being the first to suffer the consequences, as they 
were the first to be killed. 

XXVII 

108. Murder of Fathers Arvide, Letrado, and Porras. — The 
hatred of the Indians against the Spaniards, caused by the in- 
human holocaust consummated by Cardenas in 1540, and fanned 
by Onate's cruel conduct, 1598-1606, had ripened into a general 
conspiracy to annihilate the Spaniards. The saintly Francis- 
cans, being more exposed to this danger, on account of their re- 
siding alone among the Indians, were the first victims. In the 
earlier part of the year 1632, Father Arvide and Father Letrado 
were murdered near Zuiii, and Father Porras was poisoned the 
next year by the Moqui Indians at Mo(iui. The civil authorities 
failed to respond to the supplication of the Franciscans, for the 
protection of the missionaries, and a disagreement between the 
Franciscans and the civil authorities resulting therefrom cul- 
minated, years after, in a partial uprising of some of the Pueblos 
and the assassination of Governor Rosas. 

109. Death of Governor Rosas. — Things went from bad to 



62 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

worse; the difficulties between Rosas and the Franciscans had 
reached the climax of discord to the detriment of the Spaniards 
and the Indians. Rosas accused the Fathers of being the cause 
of the trying crisis the country was undergoing, and of being at 
the bottom of the sedition which was being diffused. These ac- 
cusations the Fathers were able not only to disprove, at the hear- 
ing had in Mexico, but they met them by an exposure of Rosas' 
scandalous life, which exposure showed Rosas in such bad light 
that his prestige disappeared, hastening thus the uprising he so 
much feared and in which he was assassinated. This happened 
in 1642. The uprising was finally checked. 

110. Peiialoza the Impostor. — Seven governors presided over 
New Mexico from 1642 to 1660, namely: A^aldez, Argliello (re- 
appointed), Ugarte, Concho, Samaniego, Pacheco, and Mendi- 
zabal. Nothing out of the ordinary happened between those 
dates. Mendizabal's successor was Penaloza, who made his mark 
in history as a clever impostor. Mendizabal was removed for 
malfeasance in office, and Penaloza assumed charge of the gov- 
ernment in 1661, and remained in office until 1664. He, too, was 
removed from office because of his lascivious conduct, and be- 
cause he had become a despot, imposing inhuman treatment up- 
on the Indians, and depriving them of their earnings and 
property. This conduct the Fathers exposed, causing thereby 
Peiialoza 's suspension and punishment in 1665, in Mexico, from 
which place he went to England and France, where he published, 
in 1671, a pamphlet narrating Onate's romantic trip to the 
Quivira ; substituting his name for Ofiate's name and changing 
the dates, he made himself appear as the hero of that journey. 

111. Villanueva, Medrano, Miranda — Indian Uprisings — Fr. 
Ayeta. — Fernando de Villanueva, Penaloza 's successor, came as 
governor of New Mexico in the year 1664. Between 1664 and 
1679, two other governors, besides Villanueva, filled that office; 
these were Medrano and Miranda. During this interval of fif- 
teen years the country was retrograding by reason of the con- 
stant uprisings of the Pueblo Indians, the daily incursions and 
depredations of the Apaches, the Navajos, and the Comanches on 
the unprotected Spanish settlements. In the year 1672 the 
Apaches destroyed several pueblos, and a war between them and 
the Zuiiis was the result. During this war several priests and 
colonists were killed by the Pueblo Indians. For these crimes 
four of them were put to death, forty others publicly whipped, 



SPANISH REGIME 63 

and many others were imprisoned. The situation became more 
and more critical every day, and the annihilation of all the Span- 
iards had been discussed and agreed to in 1676. The Apaches, 
who were in the agreement, attacked the Spanish settlements 
from different directions, causing great loss of life and destruc- 
tion of property. Father Francisco Ayeta, then superior of the 
Franciscans in New Mexico, seeing the desperate situation of 
.the Spaniards, made a hasty trip to Mexico in quest of succor, 
^vhich he obtained, but could not bring into New Mexico because 
the whole country was in rebellion at the time (1679-80). That 
uprising is known as the Great Revolt, of which an account is 
given hereafter. 

XXVIII 

112. End of the First Conquest— The Insurrection— Gover- 
nor Otermin. — By the end of the year 1679, all the Pueblo In- 
dians, except the Pecos pueblo, had hatched the conspiracy and 
agreed on a day and hour for a general and simultaneous upris- 
ing. The secret was kept so well that the Spaniards never dis- 
covered the plan until too late. Juan Pope, an Indian from 
San Juan, then residing in Taos, was the leader of the insurrec- 
tion. The 13th day of August, 1680, was the day agreed upon 
for the massacre of the Spaniards. Don Antonio de Otermin 
was at that time governor of New Mexico, having succeeded 
Miranda the previous year (1679). 

113. Two Faithful Governors Give Warning. — Juan Ye, gov- 
ernor of Cicuye (Pecos) declined, with all his people, to join in 
the conspiracy, and was the first to notify both Governor Oter- 
min and Father Velasco, the priest at Cicuye, of the impending 
danger, offering his assistance in helping the Spaniards to either 
fight the rebellious Pueblos or to leave the country in time. 
Father Velasco answered Ye by saying that he would rather die 
a martyr than abandon the souls God had placed in his hands. 
Otermin did not believe Ye and went on with his ordinary duties 
until the latter part of July, when he received a secret message 
from Jaca, governor of Taos, advising him of the seditious agree- 
ment, and informing him that Pope had fixed the 13th of August 
for the commencement of the insurrection, and had sent two In- 
dians to notify the other pueblos to strike the blow on that date 
at daybreak ; that the two emissaries of Pope were then on their 
way back to Taos, and were resting at the pueblo of Tesuque 



64 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

(nine miles from Santa Fe) Otermin now became alarmed, had 
the two Taos Indians arrested at once, at Tesuque, and from 
them learned that Ye and Jaca had told him the truth. With- 
out loss of time Otermin sent couriers to all the pueblos and 
Spanish settlements, ordering the priests, soldiers, and colonists 
to proceed at once to Santa Fe. Some came, but others did not 
receive the message and were murdered. 

114. Breaking out of the Rebellion — Assault on Santa Fe. — 
Pope having learned that the Spaniards had discovered his plans, 
ordered that hostilities be commenced on the 10th instead of the 
13th of August. He had as principal captains, Catiti, Tupatu 
(who afterwards became a true friend of the Spaniards), and 
Jaca, governors of Santo Domingo, Picuris, and Taos, respec- 
tively. On the day fixed (August 10th) all the priests, soldiers, 
and colonists who had not heard of the insurrection, w^ere taken 
by surprise and killed, before they had a chance to escape. From 
every direction thousands of Indians rushed to Santa Fe and 
made a sudden assault which was repulsed by the 150 soldiers 
and the colonists had already reached Santa Fe. The great 
historical revolt was carried into effect all over Xew Mexico. 

115. Siege of Santa Fe — Great Battle — Escape of the 
Spaniards. — Pope now laid a siege, surrounding the city on all 
sides with an immense horde of savages, but remaining inactive 
until the 15th, w4ien he sent an ultimatum to Otermin. This 
consisted of two wooden crosses, a white and a black one, asking 
him to select his liberty or his death by retaining one of the 
crosses, the w^hite one indicating surrender and the black one 
death ; that by selecting the white cross the Spaniards would be 
allowed to leave the city unmolested under promise never to re- 
turn, and if the black cross was retained it would mean death 
to all the Spaniards. Otermin rejected Pope's proposition and 
began to force his way out early the next morning. At break 
of day, August 16th, the soldiers and colonists formed in battle 
line, with the women and children in the center, and Otermin 
with his officers at the head, one thousand in all. The Indians 
met them with a terrific rush and the battle was commenced, 
llasting all day. At night the Spaniards retreated into the 
city and all crowded into the Palace building. The loss on the 
side of the Indians was very large and on the side of the Span- 
iards some few dead but many wounded. The siege lasted until 
the 23d day of August when the Indians cut off the water supply 



SPANISH REGIME 



65 



of the city, thus forcing the Spaniards to either escape or perish. 
Oterniin, finding himself and his people in the extreme necessity 
of making a death struggle, resolved to fight or die in the effort. 
He ordered the Fathers, Gomez, Duran, and Farfan, to give 
everybody absolution. The priests obeyed, encouraging, the 
Spaniards to stand firm by Otermin till the escape. was effected 
or the last one of them had died. 

116. Bloody Battle— Otermin Wounded— The Escape. — The 
imposing religious ceremony ended, the army formed in battle 



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array, and made an assault upon the Indians with such fierceness 
that after a few hours' battle, they won the day with 300 Indians 
killed, the Spaniards losing one soldier only, though many had 
been Avounded, among the latter being Otermin. This happened 
August 23, 1680. Thus were the Spaniards able to leave Santa 
Fe, all afoot and carrying on their shoulders the archives and 
their scant provisions, arriving at El Paso (now Juarez) Decem- 
ber 20, 1680. On their sad journey the Spaniards, especially the 
women and children, suffered greatlv. From friendly Indians, 



66 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

who had followed the Spaniards, Otermin learned that after the 
Spaniards had left Santa Fe, the Tanos (Galisteo) Indians had 
taken possession of the city and that all the churches and all other 
property had been destroyed. One of the saddest duties im- 
posed upon the Spaniards by the force of circumstances was the 
picking up fj3r burial purposes, of corjDses all along the road. At 
Santo Domingo they found the bodies of the Franciscan Fathers, 
Juan de Talaban, Fr. Antonio de Lorenzana, and Fr. Jose Montes 
de Oca. The other Franciscans killed were Fr. Domingo de 
Vera, at Galiteo ; Fr. Fernando de Velasco, at Pecos, and Fr. 
Manuel Tinoco, at San Marcos. Some 150 Spanish women and 
girls had remained captives and some were compelled to marry 
Indians and the others were murdered. Thus ended the achieve- 
ment of the first conquest of New Mexico. 



CHAPTER IX 
XXIX 

117. Otermin Again. — The loss of New Mexico to Spain was 
a thing Otermin thought it his duty to avoid, at least during his 
incumbency. Acting on that belief he again made an effort to 
reconquer the country by reentering it next year, 1681, at the 
head of 200 mounted soldiers, but did not succeed in accomplish- 
ing his object, for on reaching Cochiti he saw that it would re- 
quire a larger force to subdue the Indians, and went back to 
El Paso (now Juarez), where he heard that Domingo Gii'onza 
Petriz de Cruzat had been appointed to succeed him as governor 
of New Mexico. 

118. Cruzat 's Expedition. — Don Domingo Gironza Petriz de 
Cruzat, like his predecessors, had a brilliant military record as 
a great general and he proved it by his frequent expeditions in- 
to New Mexico. He had only the title of governor of New 
Mexico, however, for he never succeeded during his first incum- 
bency in effecting a permanent conquest. Between 1683 and 
1687 he made seventeen journeys into New Mexico, fighting every 
time all along the road from El Paso to New Mexico and being 
always victonous. In 1687, Cruzat was succeeded by Pedro 
Reneros de Posadas, who desolated the pueblo of Santa Ana, 
killing nearly all of its inhabitants, but before the year closed 
Cruzat was returned to the governorship, and he again made 
several expeditions into New Mexico, the last being in 1689, 
when he reached the pueblo of Zia, and was met by a hostile 
demonstration, which ended in one of the most severe battles of 
the conquest. He was opposed by nearly all the Indians from 
that province. The battle lasted the entire day, with a loss to 
the Indians of 600 killed and the capture of many prisoners. 
The battle was fought the first day of August, 1689. This last 
effort of Cruzat fills the gap between the expulsion of the Span- 
iards under Otermin, 1680, and the time of the second and per- 
manent conquest by De Vargas. 



68 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

XXX 

119. De Vargas. — Don Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce 
de Leon's record of great military achievements was the reason 
Viceroy Galva had for entrusting to his hands the reconquest of 
New Mexico. Besides being a great general De Vargas was a 
man of generous disposition, a good Christian, and a true friend 
of the Indians. He it was who saved the country to the crown of 
Castille, A^dth the assistance and cooperation of the Franciscan 
Fathers, and paved the way for future generations to enjoy life 
in this splendid climate. He above all the explorers and con- 
querors of New Mexico, deserves the highest praise for his great 
work in pacifying and effecting the permanent conquest of New 
Mexico. He is entitled to the everlasting gratitude and admira- 
tion of the people of New Mexico and the entire United States. 

120. De Vargas' First Entry. — Immediately after his ap- 
pointment, De Vargas began to organize his people, making the 
city of Juarez, then known as El Paso, the place of rendezvous. 
August 16, 1692, De Vargas ordered the march of a squad of 
soldiers under Captain Roque de Madrid, he remaining in El 
Paso waiting for an auxiliary troop of fifty soldiers that he was 
expecting from the interior. These soldiers not having arrived 
on the 21st day of the month, he started without them, early in 
the morning of that day, leaving El Paso accompanied by three 
Franciscan Fathers, namely, Fr. Corvero, Fr. Nuiiez and Fr. 
Alonzo, some fifty soldiers, and a few friendly Indians. Orders 
were left for the expected auxiliary soldiers to follow him. On 
the 24th day of the month De Vargas overtook Captain Madrid 
and his men, and the journey was continued without accident, 
along the Rio Grande, until they reached Tiguex, on the 9th of 
September. Here, a little to the north of the city of Albuquer- 
que, they came to a ranch fonnerly owned by a Spaniard known 
as Mexia, who had been murdered by the Indians in the great 
revolt of 1680. De Vargas selected that place for his center of 
operations, and left Captain Telles, with fourteen Spaniards and 
fifty Indians, to guard the baggage and provisions, he, De Var- 
gas, continuing the march with the Fathers, forty soldiers, and 
fifty Indians. 

121. De Vargas Reaches Santa Fe. — Having traveled cau- 
tiously for fear of an ambuscade he entered the pueblos of San- 
to Domingo and Cochiti, which he found deserted, the Indians 



SPANISH REGIME 69 

having abandoned them since the time Criizat had destroyed Zia, 
August, 1689. This was September 11th. The next day De Var- 
gas encamped at Cieneguilla, some twelve or fifteen miles west of 
Santa Fe. Here De Vargas gave his men a patriotic exhorta- 
tion. Next morning, being near Santa Fe, he ordered a stop to 
enable Father Corvero to preach an exhortation and to give ab- 
solution to the party. The small army continued its march until 
four o'clock in the moTning, when they came in sight of Santa 
Fe, which the Indians had walled and fortified. The Indians 
had already learned of the coming of the Spaniards and were 
ready to give them battle. At sunrise, September 13, 1692, De 
Vargas noticed a large number of Indians on horseback on the 
hills to the northeast of the city. He sent a squad of mounted 
Spaniards who had no trouble in capturing many of them, the 
rest escaping to the mountains. Among the prisoners was the 
governor of the Indians named Domingo. 

122. Santa Fe Retaken. — The entire day the 13th was taken 
up by De Vargas in trying to persuade the Indians to surrender 
and submit to his authority. The Indians were obstinate until 
De A'argas gave them to understand that he was going to kill 
them all and that the water supply had already been cut off. 
The next day at sunrise the Indians gave in, but requested 
De Vargas to enter in company with six disarmed soldiers and 
the superior of the Fathers that the Indians might be convinced 
of De Vargas' sincerity. To this De Vargas answered, "That 
is nothing; who will not risk himself in order to obtain with 
perpetual glory an illustrious name?" Calling on Father Cor- 
vero, the ensign, and five soldiers, all unarmed, to follow him, 
De Vargas entered the village of Santa Fe, walking to the center 
of the square, where the Indians had already planted a large 
cross. Here De Vargas uncovered his head, the royal ensign 
being unfurled, and in a loud voice and in the name of his 
sovereign, King Charles II, forgave the Indians, received their 
suTjmission, and then took possession of New Mexico in the fol- 
lowing words: "The Villa of Santa Fe, Capital of the King- 
dom of New Mexico, I now take possesion of, and with her, her 
provinces and all the pueblos, for the Catholic Majesty of the 
King, Our Lord Charles TI, long live him for the protection of 
all his vassals and of his dominions many long years." The 
Father and soldiers answering, "Long live, long live, long live 
that we may all seiwe him as we ought to." The rest of th*' 



70 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

soldiers and their Indian companions then came into the square 
and the Fathers at once began the work of baptizing the In- 
dians and preaching the gospel to them. 

XXXI 

123. Tupatu Surrenders — Best Friend of De Vargas. — After 
the surrender of Santa Fe, De Vargas gave his time and at- 
tention to rebuilding the town, and especially the repairing of 
the chapel of San Miguel, which needed a new roof. De Vargas 
entrusted this work to the Indians, giving them axes and other 
tools, and then issued a call to all the pueblos to come to Santa 
Fe to swear allegiance to the king. Don Luis Tupatu, then 
governor of San Juan and successor of Pope and Catiti, was 
the first to come and to pledge obedience for himself and the 
entire province, which was under his power since the death of 
Pope and Catiti, except the pueblo of Pecos, the Queres, the 
Taos, and the Jemes, all of which had refused to recognize Tu- 
patu 's authority. De Vargas gave Tupatii a most cordial re- 
ception, and not only confirmed his authority but promised him 
to compel the rebellious pueblos to submit to his (Tupatii's) 
commands. 

124. De Vargas' Trip of Inspection. — The promise of De 
Vargas made Tupatu shed tears, and filled him with a desire to 
witness the surrender of the obstinate pueblos, for which he ob- 
tained permission to accompany De Vargas, he (Tupatu) ofiPer- 
ing to furnish 300 Indians armed and well provisioned, which 
promise he faithfully kept. On the 21st day of September 
(the same day of the arrival of the fifty auxiliary soldiers whom 
De Vargas was anxiously awaiting) De Vargas with his small 
army, and Tupatu and his 300 warriors, marched to Pecos, by 
the way of Galisteo, reaching that pueblo September 23d, early in 
the morning. The pueblo had been deserted, but De Vargas 
found the Indians in the mountains near by, and by presents 
and kind words induced most of them to return, resettle in the 
pueblo, and submit to the king and Tupatu. De Vargas re^ 
turned to Santa Fe on the 27th of the month, where he remained 
until the 29th, leaving then for the north. On the 30th he visited 
the pueblos of Cuyamungue and Jacona; October 1st, Pojoaque 
and San Ildefonso ; October 2d, he visited Santa Clara and San 
Juan; on the 4th, he visited San Lazaro and San Cristoval; 



SPANISH REGIME 



71 



from which place he went to Piciiri and Taos, Tupatii going with 
him. In all these pueblos De Vargas made the Indians swear 
allegiance to the king, and by the Fathers all of them were again 
received into the fold of the church. Then De Vargas returned 
to Santa Fe. 

125. Reduction of the Other Pueblos — Tupatu Keeps 
Faith.— Leaving Santa Fe on the 17th of October, 1692, De 
Vargas, with all his men and accompanied by Tupatu and his 
brother, Don Lorenzo Tupatu, who had gathered some 300 In- 
dian warriors to go with the Spaniards, started his march of 




COLLEGE OF SAN MIGUEL 
id Pioneer Educational Institution, Santa Fe, N. 



peaceful conquest, visiting first the pueblos of Cochiti, Santo Do- 
mingo, and San Felipe, finding them already repeopled by the 
Indians who had deserted them since 1689. These Indians came 
liack to their pueblos on hearing the heartiness of De Vargas. So 
that when De Vargas arrived he was met with demonstrations 
of joy, all the Indians promising obedience to him. The pueblos 
of the Queres province nearly all gave in also, without much 
trouble, and so did the rest of the pueblos, except the Jemez In- 
dians, who made a show of resistance but were overcome by De 
Vargas' firmness and kind demeanor. From Jemez, De Vargas 
■went to the place of rendezvous, the Mexia ranch, to obtain pro- 



72 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

visions and for a consultation with Captain Telles. This was 
on the 29th of October. 

126. Council of War — Some Spaniards Eeturn to Mexico — 
De Vargas Travels West. — Some of the Spaniards thought it was 
time to return to Mexico, and a council of war decided that those 
wishing to return could do so. Accordingly some fifteen or 
twenty left for El Paso, and the three Fathers, with the rest of 
the soldiers and the two Tupatus and their warriors, started for 
the western provinces with De Vargas. The Acomas and Zufiis 
submitted willingly to De Vargas, and so did all the pueblos 
of the Moquis except Aguatubi, the .first pueblo of the Mo(|ui 
province, where De Vargas was forced to demand the surrender 
under penalty of complete annihilation. A strange occurrence 
induced the rebellious Indians to surrender ; this was that when 
De Vargas in loud and indignant tones demanded their surrender 
a peal of a lightning bolt fell near them. The coincidence hor- 
rifying them, they knelt down and received De A-^argas with sub- 
mission and a promise to be obedient subjects of the king. Hav- 
ing secured the peaceful reduction of the entire country, De 
Vargas and his loyal friends, the Tupatus, parted company, De 
Vargas starting for El Paso to bring colonists to settle the 
country, and the Tupatiis and their warriors going back to their 
pueblos. This was about the middle of November. De Vargas 
arrived at El Paso the 20th of December, 1692, having traveled 
over 1,200 miles since the 21st of August of that vear, when he 
left El Paso. 



(I 



CHAPTER X 

XXXII 

127. Preparations to Resettle New Mexico. — Immediately 
after his arrival at El Paso, De Vargas sent to the viceroy a full 
and complete report of his accomplishments in New Mexico, ask- 
ing for permission to resettle the country. The report was well 
received, the viceroy at once authorizing the enlistment of 
families of colonists which were to proceed without delay to El 
Paso and report to De Vargas. Sixty-one families were soon 
listed and prepared to leave the City of Mexico. De Vargas was 
officially notified of that fact by letter from the viceroy, dated 
September 4, 1693, which reached De Vargas on the 20th of 
that month. De Vargas then issued his fonnal proclamation, 
and soon some twenty families from other parts of Mexico came 
to him. In El Paso he gathered seventy families and 100 sol- 
diers, making a total of 800 persons in troops, colonists, priests, 
women, and children. Among the colonists came several arti- 
ficers, mechanics, and men of all trades, also many miners and 
many farmers, all well provided with the necessary tools and im- 
plements. On October 12th of the same year, the order was 
given to start the next day, De Vargas having left instructions 
for Father Farfan and the families coming from Mexico to fol- 
low him. 

128. De Vargas Starts on His Epoch-Making Journey. — At 
daylight October 13, 1693, the most celebrated of the Spanish- 
New Mexican expeditions started from El Paso, with its dis- 
tinguished general, De Vargas, at its head. Seventeen Francis- 
can Fathers accompanied De Vargas, namely, Fr. Salvador de 
San Antonio (superior), Fr. Juan de Zavaleta, Fr. Francisco 
Jesus Maria, Fr. Juan de Alpuente, Fr. Juan Munoz de Castro, 
Fr. Juan Diaz, Fr. Antonio Carbonela, Fr. Francisco Corvera, 
Fr. Geronimo Prieto, Fr. Juan Antonio del Corral, Fr. Antonio 
Vohomondo, Fr. Antonio Obregon, Fr. Jose Maria, Fr. Buena- 
ventura Contreras, Fr. Jose Narvaez, Fr. Velarde, and Fr. Diego 
Zeinos. 



SPANISH REGIME 75 

129. Suffering Causes Death of Women and Children. — The 

arrangeinents for food supplies were unsatisfactory, and after 
suffering untold hardships from hunger and thirst, thirty per- 
sons, mostly women and children, perished of hunger. De Vargas 
made an advance march from Socorro with the soldiers to col- 
lect provisions from the pueblos for the relief of his people. The 
pueblos of the provinces of Tutuhaco (Isleta now) and Tiguex 
were visited, and their Indians immediately furnished De Vargas 
with an abundance of corn and other provisions, which he at 
once sent to the caravan, notifying the priests and people that 
he, De Vargas, Avould wait for them at Santo Domingo, at which 
place the caravan arrived in the earlier part of December. At 
Santo Domingo De Vargas was informed that the Tanos Indians, 
who were in possession of Santa Fe, aided by the Teguas (Te- 
suque, Pojoaque, Nambe, San Ildefonso, Santa Glara, and San 
Juan) were prepared to fight the Spaniards at Santa Fe. The 
information so given De Vargas was false. 

180. First Taking of Santa Fe.— December 15th, De Vargas 
with his people resumed the march, reaching Santa Fe the same 
day. The Spaniards camped at the entrance of the village to 
observe the conduct of the Indians, and in order to arrange the 
formalities for the act of possession the next day. The ceremony 
began early December 16, 1693, by De Vargas, accompanied by 
the superior of the Franciscans, a few soldiers, and the ensign, 
entering the town with the royal banner unfurled. The Tano 
Indians received the Spaniards in the center of the plaza (the 
square), where De Vargas made them plant a large cross, and 
then proceeded to take formal possession of all New Mexico. 
After De Vargas got through reading his proclamation (pub- 
lished in full in Read's Illustrated History of New Mexico, pp. 
298-300), the entire force entered in procession, with the Fran- 
ciscan Fathers chanting the Te Dcum Laudamus, at their head. 
De Vargas then moved his camp to the hills, near which stands 
today the Rosario Chapel (which some writers have erroneously 
affirmed was built by De Vargas), in order to give the Tanos 
time to move out and resettle their pueblo. 

XXXIII 

131. Frightful Conspiracy Discovered by Juan Ye. — While 
the Spaniards were thus encamped, their families suffering from 
the severe cold weather, heavy snowstorms, and smallpox, the 



76 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

Tanos, the Picuris, and the Tegua Indians were secretly forming 
a plot to fall at night on the Spaniards and murder them all. 
De Vargas had some of his men helping the Indians repairing 
the Chapel of San Miguel, and to inspect the work he rode there 
every day. It was in one of these visits that he met his loyal 
friend, Juan Ye, the governor of Cicuye (Pecos), who not only 
uncovered the conspiracy, but offered De Vargas his assistance 
in conquering the traitorous Tanos and co-conspirators. De Var- 
gas feigned indifference, but proceeded at once to the camp and 
held a council of war. While thus engaged there came to De 
Vargas' tent an old blind Tano Indian, whom De Vargas had be- 
friended, led by the hand by a small Indian boy, who, crying, 
told De Vargas that next day all the Spaniards were going to 
be murdered, advising the Spaniards to leave the place or to 
prepare to fight the battle of their lives. The advice of the blind 
Indian was heeded by the Spaniards, they moving that veiy day 
to the entrance of the city and spreading out in battle array. 
Ye had already gone to bring reenforcements from Cicuye, ar- 
riving at midnight with a great many of his warriors. 

132. De Varg-as Storms the Village — Final and Last Sur- 
render. — As if Providence was helping the Spaniards, that very 
night a force of 200 Spanish soldiers arrived, giving De Vargas 
a formidable army. The Tanos had also received, during the 
night, heavy reenforcements from the Teguas and Picuris, and 
had besides walled all the entrances to the town and otherwise 
fortified themselves. The traitorous Indians were all under the 
leadership of Bolsas (Pokets), a name given him by the Span- 
iards because of his large moon-like face. The 28th was spent 
by De Vargas in forming his different divisions. Ye was given 
charge of his warriors, the position assigned to them and taken 
by De Vargas being the most important, and, consequently, the 
"most dangerously exposed. At dawn next day, December 29th, 
all efforts to obtain a peaceful surrender having failed, the en- 
tire army, following De Vargas' example, knelt down to listen 
to a sermon of absolution by Father De San Antonio, after which 
the order of assault was given, and in a moment the most terrific 
battle in the history of New Mexico's conquest was on. The 
rebels, fighting furiously, specially concentrated their fight on 
the Pecos Indians, who stood their ground nobly. At noon an 
immense multitude of mounted Teguas and Picuris appeared on 
the hills to the north of Santa Fe. The Spanish cavalry charged 



SPANISH REGIME 77 

with such impetuosity that in less than two hours the mounted 
Indians had been completelj^ routed, losing heavily by death and 
by capture, few escaping. It was now dark, the Spaniards 
ceased fighting for the night, sleeping on their arms and burying 
their dead, which numbered many. At break of day, the 30th, 
the order to storm the fortified village was given, De Vargas be- 
ing the first to set foot within the walls. The rebels became so 
scared at seeing the Spaniards Avithin the walls that instead of 
offering resistance they ran in disorder from place to place, giving 
the Spaniards such an advantage that in a short while a very 
large number of them were killed, few escaping. Their govern- 
or, seeing the inevitable, hanged himself before the Spaniards 
reached his hiding place. The victory was complete, Santa Fe 
Avas once for all retaken, and New Mexico's permanent conquest 
assured. Seventy warriors of the enemy were made prisoners, 
Bolsas among them, and they were all shot in the center of the 
plaza. Four hundred women and children were captured and 
divided among the Spanish families by De Vargas, Avho gave 
them strict and very explicit instructions to treat them not like 
slaves but humanely until the king should detennine otherwise. 
133. AssigTunent of Lands — New Instructions — Battle of 
the Mesa Prieta. — De Varga 's next move was to send some of his 
captains to all the pueblos to gather pro\asions for the Spaniards, 
and then the land in and around the town was partitioned among 
the colonists, each of whom received sufficient corn for food and 
seed. In the mean time the revengeful Teguas and their allies, 
the Picuris, were occupied in hatching further conspiracies 
against the Spaniards, and making night raids. De Vargas now 
ordered a constant guerrilla warfare, thus fighting the Indians by 
their own tactics. The guerrilla warfare became so effective that 
in a short time all the Teguas and most of their allies left their 
pueblos, fleeing to the famous Mesa Prieta (about eighteen miles 
Avest of Santa Fe), aaIiIcIi is as impregnable as the Acoma Rock. 
De Vargas thought it to his advantage to assault them by storm- 
ing the mesa, Father Farfan having just arrived AA'ith the ex- 
pected families and more soldiers. De Vargas AA'as greatly en- 
couraged. He organized a force of 100 men, Avith tAvo pieces of 
artillery, and February 10, 1693, laid siege and began the as- 
sault. The siege and continuous fighting lasted until the 19th 
of the month, Avhen De Vargas, having dislodged the Indians, re- 
turned to Santa Fe. The Indian loss was forty killed, but many 



" apr 




jB i 






1 




1 



SPANISH REGIME 79 

were made prisoners; 100 horses and mules were captured, and 
about 150 fanegas (450 bushels) of corn taken from the Indians, 
but those that had not made their escape remained hidden in the 
mesa. 

XXXIV 

134. War Between the Pueblos — De Vargas Takes Sides. — 

Beleving that the Teguas and the Picuris had been well punished, 
De Vargas, in March, 1693, turned his attention to the Apache 
and Comanche tribes, who had come as far as Cicuye to render 
obedience to De Vargas. While occupied receiving a peace em- 
bassy from the Apache and Comanche tribes, word reached him 
that the Jemez, the Cochiti, the Acoma, the Moqui, and the Zuili 
pueblos had united in a war against the Queres, the Zias, and 
Santa Ana pueblos, because of the friendship of the last men- 
tioned pueblos to the Spaniards. The Queres asked De Vargas' 
protection, and De Vargas not only granted their petition but 
he placed himself at the head of the expedition that was to pro- 
tect the friendly pueblos. 

135. Battles of Cieneguilla and Mesa Prieta. — The confed- 
erated forces of the rebels had met on the mesa of Cieneguilla 
(some fifteen miles west of Santa Fe), where De Vargas routed 
them in battle, killing twenty-five of them and capturing 300 
women and children, seventy horses, and 1,000 head of sheep and 
cattle. This engagement took place the 16th of April, 1694. 
While the victory was complete, De Vargas sent emissaries from 
Santa Fe to all the rebel pueblos offering amnesty if they would 
submit. His efforts proved fruitless, and he therefore turned 
his attention to Santa Fe which, in his absence, had been at- 
tacked by the Teguas, who were defeated by the small garrison 
under the leadership of Captain Jaramillo. De Vargas, ^^dth a 
strong force of Spaniards and Indians from Pecos and Queres, 
went after the Teguas, who, -sWth their allies, had again en- 
trenched themselves on the Mesa Prieta (called also Mesa de San 
Ildefonso), where they were again defeated by the Spaniards. 
This last battle took place in May, 1694. While the Spaniards 
and friendly Indians were thus fighting the Teguas, the Zunis 
made a raid on the Queres pueblos, but were worsted, leaving 
many dead and a large number of jirisoners on the battle-field. 

136. Remains of Father Juan de Jesus Recovered. — Among 
the Jemez and Zuni Indians captured by the Queres were five 



80 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

\vlio knew the place in Jeniez where the remains of Father Juan 
de Jesus (killed in the revolt in 1680) were hidden, and having 
promised to show the place if their lives were spared, De Vargas 
granted their petition and took them with him and Fathers Al- 
puente, Obregon, and Carbonela, to Jemez, those Indians having 
already subinitted to De Vargas. At Jemez the remains of Fr. 
Juan de Jesus, and the ornaments he had on (he was undoubtedly 
killed while saying Mass), were disinterred and brought to Santa 
Fe, where they were buried with great religious ceremonies. This 
was done in August, 1694. The next two months, September and 
October, Vargas received the voluntary submission of all the 
pueblos north of Santa Fe except San Juan and Picuris, which 
finally had to surrender when De Vargas enforced his order by 
capturing some 184 of their number. With the submission of 
these last-mentioned pueblos the entire province was pacified, 
temporarily at least, for, partial uprisings continued for many 
years in all directions. 

137. Reassignment of Priests — Santa Cruz Refounded. — De 
Vargas and the Franciscans now began the work of refounding 
the colonies formerly founded by his predecessors, and also the 
opening of missions in the different pueblos to the north. Fr. 
Corvero was sent to San Ildefonso, Fr. Prieto to San Juan, Fr. 
Obregon to Taos. Priests were afterwards sent to the other 
missions. After that the refounding of settlements was com- 
menced. Santa Cruz (twenty-five miles north of Santa Fe).was 
the first town, out of Santa Fe, to be repeopled by Spaniards, 
with Father Antonio Moreno in charge. This was in 1694. 

138. Another Insurrection — Cnbero Arrives — De Vargas Ar- 
rested — His Trial and Vindication. — In November, 1695, De 
Vargas sent to the viceroy a full report of what had been ac- 
complished. He assured the viceroy that the country was ready 
to receive more colonists without danger of any further out- 
break. He was mistaken. In June of 1696 a secret insurrection 
broke out against the Spaniards in the pueblos of their former 
enemies, in which seven priests and twenty soldiers were mur- 
dered, the pueblos of Cochiti and Tanos being the initiators. The 
uprising was promptly suppressed. Just one month after the 
checking of this uprising, m July, 1696, Don Pedro Rodriguez 
de Cubero arrived to succeed De Vargas. Cubero assumed the 
government at once, and immediately ordered an investigation of 
certain charges made against De Vargas by his own officers. Af- 



SPANISH REGIME 81 

\vv a hearing of the charges Cuhero sentenced De Vargas to pay 
a fine of $4,000 and held him in prison in Santa Fe nearly three 
years. De Vargas appealed to Mexico, where he went and vindi- 
cated his name in the year 1700, obtaining, besides, the endorse- 
ment of the high tribunal that tried him, for his reappointment 
as governor of New Mexico. 



CHAPTER XI 
XXXV 

139. First Official Census — Failure of Crops Causes 
Famine. — One of Cubero's first official acts was an inspection of 
the entire province, with the view of ascertaining the exact num- 
ber of Spanish inhabitants and their precise condition. He 
found, after a careful listing of families, the Spanish population 
to be 1,500 souls, greatly scattered and at the point of starvation, 
this sad condition having been brought upon the Spaniards by 
failure of crops and by the greed of the merchants who had 
gathered nearly all the corn and wheat of the country and shipped 
it to Durango and Chihuahua, where they sold it at exorbitant 
prices. To save his people, Cubero gathered what corn and 
wheat was left and prohibited the further exportation of the 
cereals, and distributed what he had collected among the colo- 
nists and soldiers. 

140. French Expedition — Founding of Cubero and La- 
guna. — In the year 1698 a French expedition from Louisiana in- 
vaded the Xavajo territory to recover from the Navajoes a large 
number of horses and some boys and girls, which the French 
claimed had been stolen from them by the Navajoes the year 
before, while the French were trying to establish a colony near 
the land of the Quiviras. The Navajoes fought the French, but 
were routed, the French killing a large number of Indians, but 
failing to recover either the stock or the children. The following 
year, 1699, Cubero founded two pueblos, Cubero (named in his 
honor) and San Jose de la Laguna, respectively. These puelilos 
he peopled with Indians he found scattered, belonging to the 
Queres nation. The pueblo of Laguna still exists; that of 
Cubero was afterwards abandoned by the Indians and resettled 
by the Spaniards under the same name, and is today a large town 
in the county of Valencia. 

141. End of Cubero's Administration — De Vargas His Suc- 
cessor. — Nothing important occurred between 1699 and 1703, 
which last mentioned year saw the close of Cubero's adm.inistra- 



SPANISH REGIME 83 

tion, De Vargas having been appointed to succeed him. De 
Vargas arrived at Santa Fe in November, 1703, and found that 
Cubero had left secretly, fearing punishment at the hands of 
De Vargas on account of the unjust and cruel punishment he 
had inflicted on his rival in 1696. De Vargas, who had been 
honored with the title of Marciuis of the Nava of Brazinas, en- 
tered upon the discharge of his duties at once. 

142. Death of De Vargas — His Last Will. — Upon De Vargas 
taking charge of the government, the very men who had caused 
his imprisonment and sufferings were the first to come forward 
and ask his forgiveness, which De Vargas granted with the mag- 
nanimity which was characteristic of his noble heart. The next 
year, 1704, in April, De Vargas while on a trip of inspection, was 
taken ill near Bernalillo, at which place he died on the 14th of 
that month, leaving instructions in his last will and testament for 
Juan Paiz Hurtado to assume charge of the government and to 
notify the viceroy, the Duque of Alburquerque, of his demise, 
and instructing his only heirs (he had no wife in New Mexico at 
the time of his death), Don Juan and Don Alonzo, to return to 
Mexico and to grant the slave, Andres, his freedom upon their 
return to Mexico. De Vargas' body was brought to Santa Fe, 
where his remains Avere buried. Francisco Cuervo y Valdez was 
De Vargas' successor. 

XXXVI 

143. Cuervo y Valdez. — A^aldez became governor of New 
]\Iexico on the day of his arrival in Santa Fe, March 10, 1705, 
until which date Hurtado had been acting governor. Valdez 's 
administration was of short duration (1705-1707). In his first 
year of government he did little excepting the trips of inspection 
he made, visiting all the pueblos, during which time he secured 
the unconditional surrender of the provinces of the Zuui and 
Moqui Indians, which had not to that time ceased to trouble the 
Spaniards. In one of these trips of inspection the Apaches un- 
expectedly pounced upon him and his troops, but he succeeded 
in defeating them. 

144. Founding of Alburquerque— End of Valdez 's Term.— 
The last thing Governor Valdez did was the founding of the vil- 
lage of Alburquerque (now spelled Albuquerque). This event 
took place in the year 1706, the Duque of Alburquerque being at 
this time viceroy of New Spain (Mexico). He made a settlement 



84 HISTCJEY (3F NEW MEXICO 

of Old Albiii'(|iiei'(iue with thirty families, giving the settlement 
the duque's name in honor of the viceroy. The duqne refused to 
honor the settlement with his name, but instructed Valdez to 
name it San Felipe de Alburquerque. The name San Felipe 
was so given in honor of the then sovereign of Spain. Next 
year, 1707, Cuervo y Valdez was succeeded as governor by Don 
Jose Chacon Medina Salazar y Villaseiior, Marquis of La Peii- 
uela. 

145. Salazar y Villasenor's Administration — Battle with the 
Navajoes. — The principal features of Villasenor's administration 
are here numbered. (1) His war with the Navajo nation,, which 
took place in 1709. The frequent raids of these Indians on the 




NEW MEXICO NORMAL SCHOOL, SILVER CITY, N 



Spanish settlements had reduced the colonies to the last degree 
of poverty, besides the loss of nearly all their sheep, cattle, and 
horses, and hundreds of their girls and boys made captives by the 
Navajoes. Villaseiior started for the Navajo country at the head 
of a large force of soldiers and volunteers, met them in battle 
in their own country, and routed them after a stubborn resistance, 
compelling them to sign a treaty of peace and to restore to the 
Spaniards all their stock and children. (2) The next year, 
1710, Villaseiior finished the repairs he was making to the Chapel 
of San Miguel at the time the war with the Navajoes broke out, 
causing his name to be engraved in one of the joists which sup- 
ported the choir, still standing. (3) Villaseiior secured of Father 



SPANISH REGIME 85 

Peiia (superior of the Franciscans in New Mexico) cooperation 
in repeopling, with wandering Indians, several of the deserted 
pueblos, and founded the pueblo of Isleta, which is today one of 
the largest and most progressive of the pueblos in the State. 
(4) The last feature of Villasefior's administration was his re- 
moval from office and sentence to pa.y $2,000 fine, in the year 
1712, on charges made against him by Father Pena. Don Juan 
Ignacio Flores Mogollon succeeded him. 

146. Mogollon 's Administration — Battle with the Yutes — 
San Lorenzo. — The administration of Governor Juan Ignacio 
Flores jMogollon lasted from October 5, 1712, to October 30, 1715. 
between those dates he was able to put down a general uprising, 
in 1713, of all the nomadic tribes against the Spaniards and the 
Pueblo Indians by a most decisive battle fought in the land of 
the Yute Indians, ]\Iogollon himself being at the head of the 
army. He established, in 1714, in what is now Dona Ana 
County, at a place near Las Cruces, a town which he named San 
Lorenzo. That same year he inflicted a very severe punishment 
on the Acoma and the Navajo nations, the greater part of which 
started a seditious movement by the killing of Father Carlos 
Delgado at the Acoma pueblo. It was during this campaign that 
the Mogollon range of mountains, in New Mexico, was named 
by Mogollon himself. The next year Mogollon got in trouble 
with the Franciscan Fathers. Mogollon, having decreed the dis- 
arming of all the Pueblo Indians, the Fathers remonstrated 
against the decree on the ground that the Pueblos needed their 
arms to defend their homes, property, and families from the fre- 
f|uent incursions of the wild tribes. The case was appealed to 
Mexico, the Fathers were sustained, and Mogollon resigned. 

XXXVII 

147. Government of Martinez — Mogollon Under Arrest — 
Battles with the Moquis. — Don Felix Martinez, by virtue of his 
office of mayor of the village of Santa Fe, became the governor 
de facto upon Mogollon 's declining to act. Martinez was un- 
educated and of humble birth, but De Vargas rewarded him, as 
stated, for his valuable services, as captain, during the reconquest 
of New Mexico. Martinez's promotion made him proud and 
cruel, Mogollon being the first to object to his pride. He placed 
him under arrest, and, following Chibero's example (when he kept 



86 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

De Vargas three years in prison incomunicado), put him in jail, 
and then left Santa Fe on a campaign against the Moquis, with 
whom he fought two battles, defeating them and compelling their 
submission to his authority. 

148. Taos Attacked by the Yutes — Battle of Cerro de San 
Antonio — Captain Cerna the Hero. — While Martinez was in the 
Mociui province, news of the attack on Taos, and its partial de- 
struction by the Yute Indians, reached Santa Fe. Captain 
Cerna, with a large force of Spanish soldiers, rushed out in pur- 
suit of the Yutes, overtook them at the Cerro of San Antonio, 
near Conejos, State of Colorado, where he defeated them after a 
terrific slaughter of Indians, recovering all the stock and cap- 
tives the Indians had taken. Among the captives were fifty 
Spanish women and girls from Taos and many Indian women 
and girls from the pueblo of Taos. 

149. Martinez Removed by Force — Hurtado Acting Gover- 
nor — Cosio Succeeds. — The outrageous doings of Martinez reach- 
ed the ears of the Viceroy Marquez de Valero, who at once sent 
Captain Antonio Velarde y Cosio to assume charge of the gov- 
ernment in New Mexico as governor ad ixfcrhn. Upon the ar- 
rival of Cosio at Santa Fe, Martinez refused to turn the govern- 
ment over to Cosio, whereupon the viceroy peremptorily removed 
him, commanding him to proceed to Mexico to answer charges 
of insubordination. Martinez obeyed the order so far as going 
to Mexico, but declined to recognize Cosio 's authority, leaving 
Juan Paiz Hurtado as governor ad i)it< rim, while he was absent 
in Mexico, for which place he started January 20, 1718, taking 
Mogollon with him as a prisoner. Martinez's trial lasted nearly a 
year, ending with his removal and a peremptory order on Hur- 
tado to deliver the government to Cosio, which order reached 
Santa Fe in December of that year, at which time Cosio took 
formal possession of New Mexico, remaining in office until the 
earlier part of the year 1721, when he was succeeded by Juan 
Estrado y Austria. 

150. First Public Schools in Nev^ Mexico — End of Cosio 's 
Term. — In the month of August, 1781, a decree from the king 
reached the superior of the Franciscan Fathers in New Mexico 
directing him to establish free-for-all schools in New Mexico. 
The Father Superior in September of that year, held a council 
in Santa Fe in which all the priests in New Mexico were present. 
This council established that year free schools in all the Spanish 



SPANISH REGIME 87 

towns and in all the Indian pueblos, assigning to each town, 
and to each pneblo a large tract of land to be cultivated by the 
resident parents of children, the crops raised therefrom to be 
paid to the teachers for their labors as such. This important 
step occurred during Cosio's time, although his successor, Juan 
Estrado y Austria, had already been appointed but did not 
reach Santa Fe until the end of the year. Judge Estrada y 
Austria was sent to investigate the clitferences between Mar- 
tinez and Mogollon, with the power to act as governor until 
Cosio's successor was appointed, in which capacity he acted un- 
til March 2, 1722, when Cosio's successor, Don Juan Domingo 
de Bustamante, arrived in Santa Fe. 

151. Occurrences in Bustamante 's Time — Other Governors — 
Jesuit Missionaries. — Bustamante 's incumbency in ofifice ex- 
tended from 1722 to 1731, when he was succeeded by Don Ger- 
vacio Cruzat Gongora. In 1730 occurred the first visit of two 
Jesuit missionaries. Fathers Francisco Archundi and Father 
Jose Navaez, who established a mission among the Moquis, which 
they did not keep very long because the Franciscans objected, 
claiming Moqui as territory belonging to their Society. A little 
later (1730-31) it was discovered that Bustamante had been 
secretly conducting an illicit trade with the French traders from 
Louisiana. This criminal conduct was exposed by the Fran- 
ciscans, M'ith Bustamante 's removal as the consequence and the 
incoming of Gongora, who entered upon his official duties in 
the year 1736, when he was succeeded by Don Enrique de Ola- 
vide y Michalena, who governed until 1739, during whose time 
of oifice Bishop Elizacoechea visited New Mexico. Peace and 
prosperity reigned during the incumbency of Gongora and 
Michalena, both governors having suppressed the vices of im- 
morality, gambling, and vagrancy. 

XXXVIII 

152. Governors Mendoza, Rabal, Capuchin. — Don Gaspar 
Domingo de Mendoza governed from 1739 to 1743. It was in 
the last year of his administration (1743) that the first foreign 
French colonists, nine in number, came into New Mexico. All 
of them returned except Jean d'Alay and Louis Marie. Alay 
settled in Santa Fe, marrying a Spanish lady. Marie settled 
in Taos, where he paid the penalty of his criminal life by death 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



on the gallows. It was during Mendoza's time (1742) that 
Father Mota gave the nuinl)er of Spaniards in New Mexico at 
9,747, exclusive of soldiers, the number of Spanish towns being 
twenty-four. From 1743 to 1749, Don Joaquin Codallos y Rabal 
governed. During his time (1745) three Jesuit missionaries, 



<l 




SANTA FE IN 1867 

(1) Santa Fe's Old Cathedral. (2) Stone Arch of New Cathedral in process of 
construction. (3) Simon Del^ado's Store and Residence, on which site was the old 
Spanish Military Church. (4) Spifgelterg Block. (5) Seligman's Store. (6) Ex- 
change Hotel. (7) Lamy corner 



Fathers Delgado, Irrigoyen, and Toledo, visited the Motjuis, but 
did not establish a mission, contenting themselves with preaching 
for a. few months. Don Tomas Vellez Capuchin succeeded Rabal 
(1749) and acted until 1754. Capuchin's term of office de- 
veloped nothing out of the ordinary, except a fight on the staked 



SPANISH REGIME S9 

plains with the Comanche Indians, in which he recovered forty 
Spanish captives, women and chiklren, which the Indians had 
just taken from Galisteo. 

153. Martin del Valle — Bishop Tamaron. — Francisco An- 
tonio Martin del Valle governed from 1751 to 1760. His gov- 
ernment resulted in a complete failure, because of his under- 
taking to make radical changes in the established order of 
things, coming near plunging the country into a bloody revolu- 
tion. Bishop Tanuiron, of Durango, visited New Mexico in 1760. 
At this time Del Valle went to Mexico, leaving Mateo Antonio 
de Mendoza acting until the arrival of Urrizola, his successor. 
Don Manuel Portillo de Urrizola arrived in the beginning of 
the year 1761, but was succeeded before the end of the next 
year b}^ Capuchin, who had been reinstated. 

154. Capuchin Again — Discovery of Silver in Colorado. — 
Capuchin resumed his gubernatorial duties in February, 1762, 
remaining in office until 1767, when he was succeeded by Don 
Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta. Capuchin did much to develop 
the industries of N|?w Mexico. It was through his efforts that 
Captain Juan Maria Rivera discovered rich silver mines in tlie 
mountains of Colorado, near the confluence of the Gunnison and 
Uncompaghre Rivers, which they named Rio de la Plata, giving 
a similar name to the range of mountains near the river. 



CHAPTER XII 
XXXIX 

155. Historic Flood — Harmony between Church and Civil 
Governments. — Don Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta's term of 
office commenced in 1767, and ended in 1778. Mendinueta was 
the peer of De Vargas in greatness, foresight, tact in govern- 
ment and nobility of soul. His administration stands out in 
glorious contrast with the governments of his predecessors and 
of his successors. He governed under more trying circumstances 
than the former governors. Under him Santa Fe suffered the 
greatest calamity in its history, an almost total destruction by a 
veritable deluge in 1767, which caused a loss of property amount- 
ing to $200,000, and the loss of fifty lives. This desolation Men- 
dinueta, by prudence and good management, was able to sup- 
plant by a prompt rebuilding of the city, for which purpose he 
placed his soldiers at the disposal of the civil authority. The 
discord between the ecclesiastical and military authorities, which 
had reached the point of danger, was ended by Mendinueta, who 
brought peace and harmony between the two governments, thus 
fostering the welfare of the country. 

156. Treaty of Peace with the Comanches — Historical Re- 
port. — Having established unity between the fighting elements, 
Mendinueta's next move was to insure permanent peace with the 
most dangerous enemy of the Spaniards, the Comanches, with 
which nation he executed a treaty of peace, which was scrup- 
ulously kept by the ferocious Indians, and was celebrated by the 
Spaniards by a day of thanksgiving, so declared by a proclama- 
tion of Mendinueta. This took place in 1771. The next year, 
1772, in obedience to an order from Viceroy Urisiia, Mendinueta 
made a very complete report of the lamentable condition of New 
Mexico, setting forth the abandonment of the colonies by the 
central government ; how the neglected inhabitants were exposed 
to the daily incursions of the savage Indians, having suffered the 
loss of so many small settlements; making the necessary recom- 
mendations to insure the uplifting of the people, and asking for 



SPANISH REGIME 



91 



more soldiers to afford them the much needed protection. This 
report of Mendinueta is a complete history in itself of New 
Mexico to that date, March 26, 1772. (It is published in full 
in Read's III usf rated History of New Mexico, pp. 886-340.) 

157. Discovery of Salt Lake— The Cliff Dwellings.— In the 
fall of 1776 Mendinueta sent two Franciscan Fathers, Escalante 
and Dominguez, with an escort of nine soldiers, to discover a 
shorter route to the Pacifie Ocean. Tlio Fathers traveled north- 







^ 



First State Governor, inaugurated at Santa 
Fe January 15, 1912. 

west until they reached the salt lake, where today stands the 
capital of the State of Utah, from which place they returned, 
being unable to go further because of the deep snows which ob- 
structed their march. The Fathers gave the lake the name of 
Lago Salado (Salt Lake). They returned by way of Yuma, 
crossing the Colorado River near that plaee. It has been as- 
serted by some writers that Fathers Escalante and Dominguez 



92 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

visited the clifit' dwellings in San Juan County, New Mexico, and 
in Colorado. But the assertion is a mere conjecture ; no authority 
can be found to support it. 

158. Governinent Changed — Mendinueta's Successor — Bat- 
tle with Cuerno Verde. — In the year 1777 the form of govern- 
ment was changed by consolidating New Mexico, Durango, 
Sonora, and Chihuahua into one province, with a commandant- 
general over the entire province. The change deprived New 
Mexico 's governor of the title and rank of captain-general. Men- 
dinueta did not like the change, his time not -having expired. 
He placed New Mexico in charge of Don Francisco Trevol and 
left for Mexico the next year, in May, 1778. Trevol acted as 
governor until August 1778, when Mendinueta's successor, Don 
Juan Bautista de Anza, arrived, and governed the country until 
June, 1789, when Don Fernando de la Concha succeeded him. 
De la Concha was in office until 1794, at which time he was suc- 
ceeded by Don Fernando Chacon, whose term of office lasted 
until 1805. It was Governor Anza who, with a large force of 
men and Indians from the pueblos, at a place near the city of 
Hutchinson, State of Kansas, in 1779, met the much dreaded 
Comanche chief, Cuerno Verde (Green Horn), in a bloody hand- 
to-hand fight, in which Cuerno Verde and five of his captains 
were killed, the Spaniards capturing 200 Comanche warriors. , 
The loss on the Spanish side was great in killed and wounded. 
De la Concha 's government was devoid of any important events. 

XL 

159. Governor Fernando Chacon — First American Mer- 
I chants. — The government of Don Fernando Chacon (1794-1805) 
I experienced no drawbacks of consequence. It was of great bene- 
fit to the country, because he gave a new and lasting start to 

I the industries and a great impulse to the cause of education. 

I The Navajo nation, having declared war against the Spaniards 
(1804), Chacon lost no time in smothering the seditious move- 
ment before it had been put into execution. This same year 
(1804) commercial trade with the United States was introduced 
into New Mexico by the arrival in Santa Fe of John Baptiste 
(Juan Bautista) Lalande, who had been sent with merchandise 
by a merchant named Morrison from Kaskaskia, Illinois. La- 
lande married a Spanish lady in Santa Fe and never went back 



SPANISH REGIME 93 

to Illinois, neither did he return the money to Morrison. The 
next year Chacon was succeeded hy Don Joaquin del Real Alen- 
easter, Avho administered the government until the year 1808. 

160. Arrival of James Pursley — Arrest of Zebulon Pike. — 
In June, 1803, another North American, a carpenter named 
James Pursley, arrived and settled in Santa Ve. In the year 
1807 Colonel Zebulon Pike, at the head of an escort of American 
soldiers, was captured by Spanish soldiers while encamped close 
to the Rio Grande, near the site of the town of Alamosa, State 
of Colorado, where he had built a fortification and raised the 
American flag. Pike was not an invader; he had been sent on 
an exploring expedition and was not awafe that he had reached 
Spanish territory. Pike and his party were brought to Santa 
Fe, and from there they were sent as prisoners to Chihuahua 
where they were tried and acquitted. This event marked the 
close of Alencaster's administration, Don Alberto Mainez suc- 
ceeding him as acting governor for a very short while only, Don 
Jose Manri(jue, Alencaster's successor, having assumed his of- 
ficial duties before the end of the year 1808, and governed New 
Mexico until 1814. 

161. Pine's Election as Delegate to Spain — His History of 
New Mexico and Great Speech before the King-. — The admin- 
istration of Governor Manrique was rich in valuable incidents, 
the first occurrence of unusual importance taking place in 1810. 
This was the election, under a royal decree, of the first and last 
delegate from New Mexico to the Spanish Parliament (Cortes) 
in Spain. In the absence of a city council that year in Santa 
Fe, Governor Manri(|ue called a meeting of all the justices of 
the peace at Santa Fe to select the delegate. There w'ere six 
candidates voted for, the vote resulting in a tie between three 
of the candidates receiving the highest number, namely, An- 
tonio Ortiz, Juan Rafael Ortiz, and Pedro Bautista Pino, the 
last named being selected by lot. Don Pedro Bautista Pino 
started for Spain shortly after his election (1810) and remained 
there as delegate until 1820, when the independence of Mexico 
separated New Mexico from the mother country. While in 
Spain, Pino published a very interesting pamphlet on New 
Mexico entitled, Noticias Historicas de Nuevo Mexico (published 
almost entire in Read's lUustrated History of New Mexico). 
November 28, 1812, Pino delivered, before the Parliament and 
king at Cadiz, Spain, a most touching address on the extreme 



94 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

suft'erings of his people, telling the king that unless conditions 
were changed for the better New Mexico was sure to join the 
American Union. (This speech is also partly reproduced in 
Read's IlUist rated Histonj of New Mexieej.) 

162. McKnight, Glen, Becknell, and Cooper. — In 1812 an 
expedition came from St. Louis, Missouri, to Santa Fe under 
McKnight, bringing along with them a pack of mules loaded 
with merchandise. At Santa Fe they w^ere looked upon as spies, 
their effects were confiscated, and they were sent to Chihuahua 
as prisoners. The same year two other strangers came, one of 
them named Glen (from Ohio), who came to sell merchandise, 
and the other called Becknell. These were followed the same 
year by others to the number of fifteen, under the command of 
an individual called Cooper, also with merchandise. With this 
last expedition of merchants, the trade between New Mexico 
and Missouri became established, and from New Mexico it ex- 
tended down to Chihuahua. 



MEXICAN RULE— 1821-1846 

CHAPTER XIII 

XLI 

163. End of Spanish Regime. — Alberto Mainez succeeded 
Manrique in 1815, and governed until 1817, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Pedro Marie Allande (1818), who acted until 1821, 
when Facundo Melgares succeeded him. During these six years 
(1815-1821) nothing was accomplished by the governors because 
the war with Mexico, which was then on against Spain, did not 
permit it, the country being greatly excited over the war and 
the frequent Indian depredations in New Mexico, which came to 
an end in 1821, when Mexico became an independent nation, 
Melgares' term closing the Spanish regime, which had lasted 
223 years in New Mexico. 

164. New Mexico Under an Emperor. — At the end of the 
war Mexico became an empire, with Don Augustin de Iturbide 
as its first emperor. This imperial form of government lasted 
from March 4, 1821, to the year 1824, when the nation became 
a republic with Guadalupe Victoria and Nicolas Bravo as presi- 
dent and vice-president, respectively. The new imperial gov- 
ernment was represented in New Mexico by Governors Francisco 
Xavier and Antonio Viscarra. At the beginning of the repub- 
lican fonn of government, Don Bartolome Baca became Vis- 
carra 's successor and the next year, 1825, was succeeded by An- 
tonio de Narbona, who governed until 1828, with Viscarra and 
Manuel Armijo acting at short intervals ad inierim between 
those dates (1825-28). 

165. The Territory of Nev^ Mexico — More Foreigners — Real 
de Dolores — First School Law. — New Mexico l)eeame a Territory 
of the Republic of Mexico, by decree of the Mexican Congress, 
in the .year 1824. Between the years 1822 and 1827 the foreign 
population of New Mexico was increased by the coming of many 
more North Americans, among them being Ceran St. Vrain, Kit 
Carson, and Charles Bent, the last three figuring afterwards 



MEXICAN RULE 97 

prominently in New Mexico history. Towards the close of the 
year 1827 the rich mining placers known as Real tie Dolores, 
in Santa Fe County, were discovered by Don Ignacio Cano (ma- 
ternal grandfather of the author of this work). Between those 
dates the Provincial Deputation was organized in Santa Fe, and 
at its first meeting (1822) the Assembly passed the first public 
school law under the new government. 

166. List of Governors. 1827-1846— Bishop Zubiria— The 
First Newspaper — The Territory Abolished. — From Narbona's 
time to the year 1846, New Mexico had the following governors : 
Jose Antonio Chavez, 1828-1831; Santiago Abreu, 1831-1838; 
Francisco Sarracino, Juan Rafael Ortiz, and Mariano Chavez 
(the last two acting ad interim), 1833-1834; Albino Perez, 1835- 
1837; Pedro Munoz, 1837-1838; Manuel Armijo, 1838-1844; 
Mariano Martinez Lejanza, 1844-1845 ; {ad interim a short time), 
1845; Manuel Armijo, 1845-1846; Juan Bautista Vigil (for a 
few days when the annexation took place), 1846. This last 
named was succeeded by Governor Bent, first governor under 
the American government. Between those dates, 1828-1846, the 
following events transpired: the last official visit to New Mexico 
of Bishop Zubiria (1843) ; the publication of the first newspa- 
per at Taos (1835), by Rev. Antonio Jose Martinez, the paper's 
title being El Crepuseulo (The Dawn) ; the territorial form of 
government was abolished and New ]\Iexico made a Department 
(1835), its Assembly (Provincial Deputation) changing its 
name to "Departmental Assembly." The commercial relations 
with the United States became established (as shown in another 
part of this book) and the industries were greatly advanced. 

XLII 

167. The Chimayo Rebellion — Governor Perez's Assassina- 
tion. — Don Albino Perez came to New Mexico as successor of 
Governor Francisco Sarracino in April, 1835, and at once as- 
sumed charge of the government. Governor Perez was a colonel 
in the Mexican army, highly cultured, and of an amiable dis- 
position. He was appointed governor under the new constitu- 
tion which had just been adopted in Mexico. Under this change 
of government New Mexico was made a Department, and given 
authority to enact laws imposing a tax for governmental pur- 
poses. New Mexico's treasury was then without funds, and 



MEXICAN RULE 99 

Governor Perez reeoinineilded the passage of a revenue law, 
which was passed and signed by Perez June 9, 1836. This law 
imposed a tax on merchants, stock raisers, peddlers^ theaters, 
and on all business occupations. Its enforcement brought about 
in 1837 the rebellion of the northern part of New Mexico, the 
Pueblo Indians of northern New Mexico taking part, which re- 
sulted in the assassination of Governor Perez, and other public 
officials August 9, 1837, and the taking of Santa Fe b}^ the 
rebels the same day. 

168. Jose Gonzales Made Governor — Manuel Armijo made 
Commandant. — The rebels, after taking possession of Santa Fe, 
elected Jose Gonzales as governor. Gonzales immediately took 
charge of affairs and began his activities by ordering the con- 
fiscation of the property belonging to Perez and his subordinates 
and dividing it among his men. In the meantime the loyal 
citizens met at Tome (Valencia County) and in a public meeting 
adopted a "Proclamation of War" against the rebels, naming 
Don Manuel Armijo (General Annijo) as commandant of the 
volunteer forces, which he was authorized to enlist. The Procla- 
mation is dated at Tome (published in Read's Illustrated His- 
tory of New Mexico), September 8, 1837, and is signed by Man- 
uel Armijo (the general), Jose Salazar, Pablo Salazar, J. Fran- 
cisco Montoya, Miguel Olona, and Manuel Madariaga. 

169. Rebel Leaders Executed — End of the Revolution — 
Armijo becomes Governor. — Immediately after his election Ar- 
mijo organized an army of volunteers, and with the scattering 
regular soldiers which were at Santa Fe under their captain 
(Caballero) began an energetic campaign. The rebels surren- 
dered without much fighting, and General Armijo ordered the 
execution of the four rebel leaders, Desiderio Montoya, Antonio 
Aban y Montoya, Jose Esquibel, and Juan Vigil, who were shot 
in Santa Fe January 24, 1838, at nine o'clock in the morning. 
That ended the revolution. Armijo was proclaimed governor, 
and his election was speedily confirmed by the central govern- 
ment at Mexico, and Armijo made a general of the army. 

XLIII 

170. American Consulate. — The constant coming of Amer- 
icans gave New Mexico increased impulse; her mercantile trade 
with the United States attracted the attention of the United 



100 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

States government to the extent of establishing in Santa Fe a 
consulate, which it did in the year 1825, -with Augustus Storrs 
as first consul. Don Manuel Alvares was appointed American 
consul ]\Iarch 21, 1839, and remained as such until March 18, 1816, 
when the consulate was discontinued on account of the war 
which the United States declared on Mexico (March 13, 1846). 
Alvarez was retained in office in charge of a bureau created by 
the United States under the name, "Commercial Agency of the 
United States." 

171. Texan Invasion. — Texas, after it ceased to belong to 
Mexico, claimed New Mexico as part of her territory, and her 
citizens made several efforts to annex it to Texas. The first at- 
tempt was an invasion made in the year 1841, by an expedition 
of 320 armed men, which left Austin June 18th, under the com- 
mand of General McLeod. The expedition entered New Mexico 
near Fort Sumner (now Guadalupe County), and traveled as 
far as Laguna Colorada (Red Lake), near Tucumcari, where 
General Armijo, then governor of New Mexico, met them with 
a large army and captured all without firing a shot, in October, 
1841. Armijo brought his prisoners to the town of San Miguel, 
where the vanguard of the Texan expedition were in jail: Cap- 
tain Louis Van Ness, Howard Fitzgerald, and Kendall, who had 
been previously captured at Antonchico (near San Miguel) by 
Salazar, one of Armijo 's captains; and from there sent them 
all on foot to Mexico (October 17th). Armijo 's conduct in cap- 
turing the Texans is worthy of all praise, but his treatment of 
them after he made them prisoners deserves severe condemna- 
tion. Other expeditions, in the nature of banditti, were made 
by Texans. One in 1843, under John McDaniel, which only at- 
tacked the freighting caravans, killing a prominent man, Don 
Manuel Chavez, while on his way to the Missouri. The same 
year (1843) another bandit from Texas named Wordfield, with 
twenty-four men, attacked the town of Mora at night, killing 
five men and stealing many horses. The third and last raid 
was made by another Texan, Snively, which resulted in the killing 
of Captain Lovato by Snively 's men, near Fort Bent, and the 
capture of Snively and his force by Captain John Cook, of the 
American army, then stationed at Fort Bent to escort the cara- 
vans and protect them from the Indians. 



CHAPTER XIV 

XLIV 

172. Narrow Escape of Governor Lejanza. — Governor Mar- 
iano Martinez de Lejanza, while sitting in his office in the Gov- 
ernor's Palace at Santa Fe, in the year 1844, was assaulted by a 
party of Ynte Indians who had come to Santa Fe in large num- 
bers, ostensibly to make a treaty of peace. The Indian chiefs 
became excited while discussing the treaty and unexpectedly 
made a murderous assault upon the governor, who, while fight- 
ing for his life, was saved by the timely interference of his wife, 
who i-ushed into the room and with a chair in her hands kept 
the Indians from murdering her husband until her outcries at- 
tracted the soldiers outside. A general fight followed, in which 
many Indians were killed, the rest escaping with great difficulty. 

173. Last Election Under Mexican Rule. — On October 7, 
1845, the commission — electoral board — which under the law w^as 
charged with the election of the deputy to the National Congress 
and the members of the Departmental Assembly, met in Santa 
Fe and elected Tomas Chavez y Castillo as delegate and Vicente 
Yergara as substitute. For the Assembly, the Rev. Antonio Jose 
Martinez, Tomas Ortiz, Juan Perea, Juan Cristobal Armijo, and 
Felipe Sena were elected as regular members, and Serafin Ram- 
irez, Vicente Martinez, and Santiago Armijo as substitutes. This 
was the last set of officials named under the authority of the 
]\Iexican government, and they acted until the invasion of New 
Mexico and the taking of Santa Fe by the American forces, which 
took place in the month of August the next year, 1846. 

174. Preparations to Fight the Invaders. — The time was ripe 
for a change of government. The war between the United 
States and Mexico was on, and New Mexico was made the objec- 
tive point of the third division of the American army. The al- 
most criminal neglect and cruel apathy vdtli which New Mexico 
had been treated by the governments of Spain and Mexico had 
made the change inevitable, yet the love for the mother country 
had not died in the hearts of the descendants of the conquis- 



MEXICAN RULE 103 

tadores; many there were who wanted to resist the rumored 
invasion; others thought it unwise to make any resistance, not 
having an army or munitions of war, nor funds to organize a 
volunteer force, nor money to pay the patriots who would want 
to fight for Mexico; General Armijo tried to borrow from the 
city council $1,000 with which to buy provisions for the few 
soldiers he had, and the volunteers he could bring together, but 
the council refused to extend the asked-for funds. With all that 
the preparations were made by Armijo, who, on the 8th of Au- 
gust, 184:6, issued his last proclamation (published in Read's 
lUusiratcd History of New Mexico) calling on all New Mexicans 
to respond to the call of the country. The proclamation had the 
desired effect, and Armijo raised an army of Spaniards and In- 
dians, each man furnishing his own arms. 

XLV 

175. Invasion by the American Army. — The annexation, or 
rather the admission of Texas into the American Union, in the 
year 1845, was one of the principal causes that brought about 
the war \\'ith Mexico. There was another reason which made 
that war imperative, being the desire on the part of the pro- 
slavery party, then in power in the United States, to extend 
slavery into New Mexico, in order to perpetuate that inhuman 
institution in the American Union. The United States having 
declared war against Mexico (May, 1846), there was no alterna- 
tive left to Mexico other than to declare war also against the 
United States, which she did in June, 1846. The same month 
the Third Division of the American army, under Colonel S. W. 
Kearny (known in history as the ''Army of the West"), set out 
from Fort Leavenworth, to invade and conquer New Mexico. 
This army consisted of 300 soldiers of the regidar army, a cav- 
alry regiment under Colonel Doniphan, and 700 volunteers, mak- 
ing a total of 1,700 men. This army was followed afterwards 
by another army of 1,800 men, under Colonel Sterling Price, 
making a total of 3,500 men — infantry, cavalry, and artillery. 

176. March of the American Army — The Taking of Las 
Vegas. — The army reached Fort Bent, on the Arkansas River, 
August 2d, where Lieutenant Colonel Emory, chief of the corps 
of topographical engineers, was aAvaiting for Kearny. Here 
Kearny issued a Proclamation of Annexation. From Fort Bent 



104 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

the march was continued without delay. On the 5th of August 
Kearny sent by Captain Cook a copy of the Proclamation to 
Armijo at Santa Fe. Cook delivered his message to Armijo 
and brought Armijo 's answer to Kearny, without loss of time. 
Armijo 's answer was a refusal to surrender the Territory to 
Kearny. On the 15th day of August, at 8 o'clock in the morn- 
ing, the Americans reached Las Vegas and Kearny took formal 
possession of the town in the name of the American government ; 
administered the oath to the alcalde and two military officers and 
a few soldiers of the Mexican army, and to the rest of the people, 
continuing the alcalde in office. In the course of his address 
Kearny said: "Mr. Alcalde and people of New Mexico; I have 
come amongst you by order of my government to take possession 
of your country and extend over it the laws of the United 
States. We come amongst you as friends not as enemies; as 
protectors not as conquerors ; we come among you for your bene- 
fit not for your injury. ' ' 

177. The Taking of Santa Fe — Vigil's Proclamation. — After 
establishing his authority at Las Vegas, Kearny continued his 
march on to Santa Fe, expecting to meet Armijo 's army in bat- 
tle at Caiion del Apache, eighteen miles from Santa Fe, where 
Armijo, with a large army of men and Indians, was waiting for 
the invaders. On the 18th of August, early in the morning, the 
American army reached the Cafion del Apache, arrayed -in line 
of battle; but to Kearny's surprise it was found that Armijo and 
his men had deserted, leaving the road open to Santa Fe. Ar- 
mijo 's men, on learning how well equipped the American army 
was, and they having no arms or disciplined army to oppose, had 
concluded to disband. Kearny soon received an official invita- 
tion from Juan Bautista Vigil, the acting governor, inviting him 
to proceed to Santa Fe, stating that he was ready to turn the 
country over to the American government, and advising Kearny 
of Armijo 's flight. Vigil at the same time had issued a procla- 
mation, advising the citizens of Santa Fe of the approach of the 
American army, and urging them not to leave their homes. 
Kearny entered Santa Fe at 3 o'clock in the afternoon at the 
head of a column of American soldiers August 18, 1846, receiving 
a cordial reception from Governor Vigil and the other officials. 
At sundown that day the American flag was hoisted over the 
Palace, and a salute of thirteen guns was fired. Thus ended the 
third epoch of New Mexico's history and Mexican rule. 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 

CHAPTER XV 

XL VI 

178. Annexation Accomplished. — Four days after his arrival 
in Santa Fe, August 22, 1846, General Kearny, in the public 
plaza, in the presence of the American officers and the citizens of 
Santa Fe, published his Proclamation declaring tlie official an- 
nexation of New Mexico, with its name and original boundaries, 
as a Territory of the American Union, promising that the gov- 
ernment of the United States would "give the people of New 
Mexico, without delay, a free government identical with the gov- 
ernment of the other States of the American Union." All the 
officials in office under the Mexican government on August 18th 
(except Annijo) were temporarily retained by General Kearny. 

179. Territorial Officials Appointed— The Bill of Rights.— 
One month later (September 22, 18-46) General Kearny made 
public the appointment of Territorial officials as follows: 

' ' Being duly authorized by the President of the United States 
of America, I do, by these presents, make the following appoint- 
ment of officers for the government of New Mexico, as a Terri- 
tory of the United States. The officers so appointed shall be 
respected and obeyed as such. Charles Bent for governor ; Don- 
acia.no Vigil for secretary of the Territory ; Richard Dalam for 
marshal; Francis P. Blair, for United States district attorney; 
Charles Blumner, for treasurer; Eugene Leitendorfer, for audi- 
tor of public accounts; Joah Houghton, Antonio Jose Otero, 
Charles Beaubien, for justices of the supreme court. 

' ' Given in Santa Fe, the capital of the Territory of New Mex- 
ico, today, the 22d day of September, 1846, and in the 71st year 
of the Independence of the United States. 

" S. W. Kearny, Brigadier General. ' ' 

On the same day General Kearny gave New Mexico its first 
code of laws under the American government under the title of 
"Bill of Rights." 



106 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

180. Kearny Leaves for California — Kit Carson — Doniphan 
Goes to Mexico — Battle of Brazito. — On the 25th day of Septem- 
ber, 1846, General Kearny, after leaving instructions for Colonel 
Doniphan to continue with his division on to Chihuahua, and for 
Colonel Price to follow to California, started for California with 
a large portion of the American army. At Socorro he met Kit 
Carson, who w'as on his way from California to Washington with 
official messages from General Fremont. Kearny took Carson 
with him as guide, and sent Fremont's messages on to Washing- 
ton by another escort. Doniphan left Santa Fe with his divi- 
sion for Chihuahua, on the 17th day of October, 1846, meeting 
a Mexican army of 900 men at Brazito, in Dona Ana County, 
New Mexico, under Captain Ponce de Leon, where a battle was 
fought, in which Doniphan defeated Ponce de Leon. 

XLVII 

Rebellion and Massacre 

181. Anti-American Pronouncement. — Notwithstanding the 
seemingly well established peace after Kearny had left for Cali- 
fornia and Doniphan for Chihuahua there were quite a number 
of prominent Mexicans who had not recognized the new govern- 
ment, remaining loyal to Mexico. After Kearny's taking of 
Santa Fe these men did not cease one moment from secretly fos- 
tering a revolution. The movement was headed by Diego Arch- 
uleta (who afterwards became a useful American citizen), of 
Rio Arriba County, and Don Tomas Ortiz and Jose Manuel 
Gallegos (the last two mentioned, like Archuleta, becoming af- 
terwards prominent American citizens, Gallegos sei-^dng one term 
as delegate in the United States Congress), both of Santa Fe. 
The uprising had its supporters in Santa Fe, Taos, Mora, and 
Las Vegas. The conspiracy was hatched in Santa Fe, December 
12, 1846, and the plan in the four towns mentioned was to 
assassinate simultaneously all the Americans in New Mexico, on 
the 19th of the month; but at another meeting held fourteen 
days after (December 16th), it was agreed to postpone the blow 
untl the 24th of the month. The conspiracy was discovered by 
Governor Bent, but not in time to prevent the massacre. The 
conspirators, on learning that their plans had been discovered, 
postponed the execution until January 19, 1847. 

182. Killing of Governor Bent and Others. — Governor Bent, 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 107 

being well aware of every move made by the conspirators, left 
Santa Fe for Taos, where his family resided, on the 14th of 
January, 1847, and on the night of January the 19th (the day 
fixed for the blow) was assassinated by the rebels and the In- 
dians from Taos pueblo. The same night, Don Cornelio Vigil, 
prefect of Taos, Pablo Jaramillo, and Narcizo Beaubien were 
also assassinated in Taos. One American named Lee and the 
American families of Taos escaped assassination by fleeing at 
midnight to Father Antonio Jose Martinez's house, where they 
received the shelter and protection of the Father. Another 
party was assassinated, the same night, at Arroyo Hondo (close 
to Taos), Simon Turley, Turbush Hartfield, one Austin, and 
John Albert. At Mora the same night, seven Americans, named 
Waldo, Cavanaugh, Praett, Colver, Noyes, Howard, and Head 
were killed. None were killed at Las Vegas, because of the 
timely protection given the Americans by the justice of the 
peace of that place, Don Juan de Dios Maes. No one was killed 
in Santa Fe. 

183. Price Punished the Insurrectos — Battles of Santa Cruz, 
Embudo, Taos, and Mora. The next day (January 20th) the 
news of the massacre reached Santa Fe. Colonel Sterling Price, 
then commanding in New Mexico, at once took energetic measures 
to check the rebellion. With 300 men, comprising soldiers of the 
United States army and a company of Spanish American volun- 
teers under Captain Ceran St. Vrain, he left for Taos January 
23, 1847, after ordering Captains Hendly and Morin to proceed 
to Mora and Las Vegas wdth a company of eighty soldiers. 
Price was met by an insurrecto force at Santa Cruz (twenty-five 
miles north of Santa Fe) and at Embudo (some sixty or seventy 
miles from Santa Fe).. At both places battles were fought, re- 
sulting in the defeat of the insurrectos wdth a loss (at Santa 
Cruz) of thirty-six killed. The Americans lost two killed and 
several Avounded. No casualties were reported from Embudo. 
Febniary 3, 1847, Price reached Taos and found the rebel In- 
dians and the insurrectionists entrenched in the church of the 
pueblo, where he fought them, compelling them to surrender after 
a very stubborn resistance. The loss of the rebels was 150 between 
dead and wounded. On the American side six soldiers and one 
officer were killed and forty-six wounded. At Mora a battle was 
fought January 30, 1847, Hendly and two soldiers being killed. 
That was the last attempt made against the American govern- 



108 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

ment. On the 2d of Febniaiy, 1848, the Territory of New 
Mexico was formally ceded to the United States by Mexico, by 
a treaty of peace signed in the city of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 
Mexico, on that day. The treaty had the effect of admitting all 
New Mexicans into the American Union, thus putting a stop to 
future seditious movements. 

XLIII 

Military Legislature — Civil Government 

184. First Legislature.— On the 6th day of December, 1847, 
New Mexico being still under the military government, with 
J. M. Washington as commandant of the Department, the first 
legislature met in Santa Fe by permission of the military au- 
thorities, with the following members; Antonio Sandoval, presi- 
dent ; Henry Henrie, secretary ; James Hubbell, porter ; Jose 
Francisco Baca y Terros, Jose Andres Sandoval, Juan TuUis, 
Nicolas Lucero, Pascual Martinez, Juan Otero y Chavez (all these 
gentlemen being the members of the Council) ; the members of 
the House were "William C. Angney, president ; James M. Gid- 
dings, secretary; E. J. Vaughn, porter; Manuel Alvarez, An- 
tonio Martinez, Tomas C. de Baca, Jesus Sandoval, Miguel San- 
chez, Antonio Saenz, Levi J. Keithly, Jose Ramon Vigil, Antonio 
Jose Manzanares, Mariano Lucero, Jose Martinez, George Gold, 
Antonio Jose Ortiz, Juan Perea, Rafael Armijo y Maestas, Wil- 
liam Skinner, Juan Cruz Baca, Juan Cristibal Chavez, Rafael 
Luna, and Juan Sanchez y Carillo. 

185. First Convention— Effort to Establish Territorial Gov- 
ernment. — On the death of Governor Bent, Colonel Price ap- 
pointed Donaciano Vigil, of Santa Fe, civil governor. Vigil and 
the citizens at once began a movement for the establishment of a 
Ten-itorial government. On the 10th of October, 1848, in ac- 
cordance with the proclamation of Governor Vigil, a convention 
met in Santa Fe, with Father Antonio Jose Martinez as presi- 
dent, and J. M. Giddings as secretary. The members of the 
convention were, the said Antonio Jose Martinez, Elias P. West, 
Antonio Saenz, Juan Perea, Donaciano Vigil, Santiago Archu- 
leta, Francisco Sarracino (who had been governor under the 
Mexican government), Gregorio Vigil, Jose Pley, James Quinn, 
Ramon Luna, Carlos Beaubien, and Manuel A. Otero. The 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 109 

labors of the convention were limited to the approval of the 
following ]\Iemorial : 

186. Memorial to Congress Adopted. — The Memorial adopted 
by the convention and signed by all the members October 14, 
1848, reads thus: 

"Petition to Congress made by New Mexico, through its in- 
habitants in convention assembled : 

"We the people of New Mexico, respectfully ask of Congress 
that we be given a civil territorial government without delay. 

"We respectfully ask of Congress the establishment of a gov- 
ernment of a purely civil character. 




"We respectfully submit that the organic law and the statute 
law proclaimed under military order on September 22, 1846, with 
some changes, are not acceptable. 

"We recommend that the following offices be occupied by 
persons appointed by the president, with the cooperation and 
consent of the Senate, towit : Governor, secretary of govern- 
ment, judges. United States attorney, and marshal. 

"We wish to be given the right of appeal from the courts of 
the Territory to the supreme court of the United States. 

"We respectfully, but firmly, protest against the dismember- 
ment of our territory in favor of Texas or for any other cause. 

"We do not wish domestic slavery within our confines, and 



110 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

we ask the protection of Congress against the introduction of 
slavery into the Territory until we are formed into a State. 

' ' We ask authority to elect our local legislature in accordance 
with what is prescribed by the law of New Mexico, of Septem- 
ber 22, 1846, which will remain subject to the approval of Con- 
gress. 

"We ask to be represented in Congress by a delegate or deputy. 

"As new Mexico has a population of from 75,000 to 100,000 
inhabitants, we believe that what we ask is reasonable, and we 
entertain the hope that Congress will decree to us laws as liberal 
as those decreed for other Territories. ' ' 

The signatures of all the persons previously named appear in 
this document with date at Santa Fe, October 14, 1848. Con- 
gress denied the petition at first, but afterwards granted what 
was asked. 



CHAPTER XVI 

XLIX 

Two Governments in New Mexico 

187. Second Convention — Delegate to Congress Elected. — 
In the year 1849, on a call of Colonel Beal, \vho was in charge 
of the military forces while Washington was away, a second 
convention met in Santa Fe in the month of September. This 
convention was antagonistic to the party of civilians which was 
striving to organize a Territorial government. The convention 
adopted a Memorial to Congress, analagons to the one adopted 
by the first convention, and elected Hugh C. Smith as delegate 
in Congress from New Mexico. The action of this convention 
was repudiated by Congress refusing to recognize Smith as dele- 
gate. 

188. State Government — State Officials Elected. — In May, 
1850, the two fighting elements agreed to form a State govern- 
ment and this was the beginning of the fight for statehood. A 
constitutional convention met in Santa Fe, and, after adopting 
a constitution, authorized Governor Monroe (the military com- 
mandant) to issue a proclamation for the election of a governor, 
lieutenant-governor, two representatives, and four members of the 
local legislature. The election was held in June, and Henry 
Connelly was elected governor, Manuel Alvarez, lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, and William Messervy representative in Congress. A 
state legislature was also elected. 

189. Cunningham and Weightman Elected Senators — The 
Election Nullified. — The State legislature met in Santa Fe July 
1, 1850, over the protest of Governor Monroe, who refused to 
recognize the State government before Congress had approved 
the constitution and the election of State officials. The alleged 
State legislature refused to recognize Monroe's authority, and 
proceeded to elect two United States senators, Francis Cunning- 
ham and Richard Weightman. This effort to erect a State gov- 



112 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

ernment failed, Congress having the same year established 
territorial form of government, as appears in the following : 



New Mexico a Territory 

190. New Mexico and Utah Admitted as Territories. — By a 

law of Congress approved September 9, 1850, California was ad- 
mitted as a State and New Mexico and Utah as Territories of the 
American Union, and March 3d of the year following (1851) New 
Mexico was formally organized as a Territory of the United 
States. James S. Calhoun and Donaciano Vigil were appointed 
by the President of the United States as governor and secretary 
of the Territory, respectively. The other ol^cials appointed by 
the president were E. P. West, attorney general; G. Shons, 
marshal ; C. Baker, chief justice : J. S. Watts and H. Mower, as- 
sociate justices; Charles Blumner, treasurer; Eugene Leitendorf- 
er, auditor. 

191. County Officials and Legislature — The Gazette. — Upon 
authority of a proclamation issued by Governor Calhoun, a dele- 
gate in Congress, county ofificers, and a legislature were soon 
elected, and the first lawful legislature of New Mexico met in 
Santa Fe June 1, 1851, with the Rev. Antonio Jose Martinez, 
cure of Taos, as president of the Council, and Theodore Wheaton, 
of Taos, as speaker of the House. William Messervy was New 
Mexico's first member of Congress elected at the State election, 
and Richard H. Weightman, the first delegate under the Or- 
ganic Act. That same year (1851) there was published the first 
English and Spanish newspaper (a weekly), the Santa Fe Ga- 
zette, although two other papers had already been published in 
Santa Fe, namely the Rfpiihlican and El Nuevo Mejicano. 

192. Era of Peace and Prosperity. — The Territorial govern- 
ment being no>v officially organized, all New Mexicans turned 
their attention to the development of the Territory's industries, 
without giving up the fight for statehood, which is discussed in 
a separate chapter of this book. 



CHAPTER XVII 

LI 

New Territory Acquired 

193. The Mesilla Valley: Taken by Lane. — For some time af- 
ter the war between the United States and Mexico, the Mexican 
State of Chihnahua claimed and exercised jnrisdiction over that 
part of New Mexico covered by the connty of Dona Ana, the val- 
ley of Mesilla and Las Cruces, but the resulting conflict of au- 
thority was not settled officially until 1858, when William Carr 
Lane, then governor of New Mexico, heeding the petition of the 
people who lived in that part of New Mexico for protection 
against the depredations of the Navajo and the Apache tribes, 
took upon himself the responsibility of provisionally annexing 
the territory in dispute, in order to save the lives and property 
of the people therein residing. This he accomplished by a formal 
official proclamation dated March 13, 1853. 

194. The Gadsden Treaty. — The territory thus taken by Gov- 
ernor Lane was the subject of considerable friction between the 
United States and Mexico until the American government pur- 
chased the strip of land in dispute, paying Mexico $10,000,000 
therefore. This was done under a treaty known as the Gadsden 
Treaty, signed on the 30th of December, 1853. 

LII 

195. Industrial Progress — Boundaries — History of Agricul- 
ture. — From the little History of Nciv Mexico, published in Spain j o 
by Don Pedro Bautista Pino (reference to which has already 
been made), we learn the true condition of agricultvire in New 
Mexico up to that time. Pino says: ''Agriculture is entirely 
abandoned, for the inhabitants of that country do not dedicate 
themselves considerably to planting, from which labor doubtless, 
they Avould derive many benefits. They scarcely plant as much 

as they believe necessary for their maintenance during a portion 
of the year, thus exposing themselves for the remainder of it to 



114 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

a thousand miseries; hence the reason that the price of grain 
values suffers many changes. In the article, vegetable produc- 
tions, an idea is already given concerning vegetables and vege- 
table gardens, wherefor it is useless to repeat that corn, wheat, 
beans, etc., are raised : a very good grade of cotton and plenty 
of tobacco are also grown." 

From that date to the present time agriculture has been de- 
veloping gradually, especially since the American Occupation so 
that now (1914) no less than forty-eight per cent of New Mexican 
people are engaged in cultivating the land ; there are over 11,834 
farms in which 5,739,878 acres are cultivated. The value of 
these farms has ben reckoned at $20,888,814. All kinds of vege- 
tables, susceptible of cultivation in cold countries, are raised. 

196. Stock Raisir.g-.— In the year 1827 Governor Narbona's 
Official Report (published in full in Read's IJhistrated Histonj 
of New Mexico) shows that New Mexico had then 5000 head of 
cattle, valued at $40,000 ; 240,000 head of sheep, valued at $120,- 
000 ; 550 head of horses valued at $5500 ; 2150 mules, valued at 
$63,750; 300 mares, valued at $2400. In 1912, per the latest 
official statistics, there are over 1,050,000 head of cattle, over 
5,875,000 head of sheep, more than 150,000 goats, no less than 
100,000 head of horses, the sheep yielding annually a total pro- 
duct of nearlv 25,000,000 pounds of wool, from which over 
$8,000,000 is realized. 

197. Boundaries. — In Pino's time (1812) the Original boun- 
daries of New Mexico were, ' 'from 33" to 40° latitude ; 185 league^ 
from north. to south, and almost the same from east to west;" 
its confines on the north were ' ' by land absolutely unknown ; on 
the east, the States of Coahuila and Texas and the Territory of 
Arkansas belonging to the United States of America ; on the 
south by the State of Chihuahua, and on the west, by that of 
Sonora. " In the year of 1863, all that portion of territory west 
of longitude 109° was segregated by Congress to form the now 
State of Arizona, and in 1867 all the territory north of latitude 
37° was annexed to Colorado, leaving the present boundaries of 
New Mexico as follows : On the north parallel 37^ ; on the south, 
parallel 32° ; east, meridian 103° ; west, meridian 109° ; or, geo- 
graphically speaking, on the north by the States of Colorado and 
Utah ; on the east by Texas and Oklahoma ; on the south l\v 
Texas and old Mexico ; on the west by Arizona. 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 115 

LIII 

Wars 

198. The Civil War.— During the Civil War (1861-66), 
the sons of New Mexico proved their patriotism to the Amer- 
ican government even more than did the other States and 
Territories of the Union. Scarcely thirteen years had come and 
gone from the date in which fate had separated them from the 
mother country, the Mexican Republic, when the bloody fratri- 
cidal war between the northern and the southern States broke 
out, and the sons of New Mexico, to the number of 6,000, un- 
hesitatingly threw themselves into the field of honor, to help fight 
the battles for the preseiwation of the American Union, to which 
they adhered voluntarily, sealing with their blood the oath they 
had given for the perpetuation of the American Union. Many 
were the native officers of New Mexico who actpiired distinction 
in that war. Among them were Colonel Don Francisco P. Abreu, 
Jose Francisco (liavez. Captain Don Rafael Chacon, Captain 
Nicolas Quintana, Captain Saturnino Baca, and Major J. D. 
Sena, Sr., and among the old American residents of New Mexico, 
the one who most distinguished himself during the war was Col- 
onel Kit Carson. 

199. Indian Wars — Capture of Geronimo. — In order to sub- 
due the tribes of the Navajo and Apache Indians, the American 
government was obliged to go to an expense of more than $50,- 
000,000, and keep up an army for continuous warfare, from the 
year 1819 to the year 1886, when the Navajoes finally surrender- 
ed in New Mexico, as did the Apaches in New Mexico and Ari- 
zona ; that is to say, the final submission of the Navajoes was 
effected in the year 1868, and that of the Apaches in 1886, when 
General Nelson A. Miles succeeded in capturing the dreaded In- 
dian chief, Geronimo, who, with all his captains and other In- 
dians was in that year taken to Fort Marion in the State of 
Florida. From that time the incursions of the Indians ceased 
forever, and the people of New Mexico were enabled to enter 
upon the most complete development of its industries. 

200. Spanish- American War.— On April 21, 1898, war was 
declared between the Ignited States government and the govern- 
ment of Spain, occasioned by the destiiiction of the battleship 
Maine in the waters of Havana Bay. That war closed April 
11th of the year following (1899), with the defeat of Spain and 



116 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

the loss to that power of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine 
Islands. In that war, too, the sons of New Mexico again demon- 
strated their disinterested patriotism to the American flag — a 
patriotism that has, perhaps, no parallel in the annals of uni- 
versal history, for the sons of New Mexico, the Spanish- Ameri- 
cans, who went to that war, were all descendants from the first 
Spaniards wlio concjuered New Mexico, and it was but natural 
to expect that they should at least cherish in their hearts, the 
natural sympathy inherent in persons of the same race. De- 
spite all that, they did not hesitate in responding with a good 
will to the call made upon them to take up arms in defense of 
their flag, by sending to the field of battle more soldiers, in pro- 
portion to their population, than any other State in the Union, 
and having sent from among them the famous mounted company 
known as Roosevelt's Rough Riders who fought with distinction 
in the battle at Santiago de Cuba. 



CHAPTER XVIII 

LIV 
Churches 

201. First Protestant Church. — Up to the date of the change 
of flags (1846), the Catholic church was the only church existing 
in New Mexico, and to that church is due, to a great extent, the 
civilization and christianization of the Indians in New Mexico. 
The first Protestant church in New Mexico was erected in Santa 
Fe in the year 1849, by Rev. Henry W. Reed, of the Baptist de- 
nomination, the Catholic church being then under the charge 
of Rev. Juan Felipe Ortiz, vicar-general of New Mexico under 
the Mexican government. 

202. The Catholic Church Under the American Flag. — The 
change of government placed the Catholic church in New Mex- 
ico under the Catholic authorities in the United States. On 
April 23, 1850, Pope Pius IX appointed the Rev. Juan B. Lamy, 
then a priest at Cincinnati, as vicar apostolic with the title of 
Bishop of Agathonica. On November 24th of that year Bishop 
Lamy Avas consecrated in Cincinnati. Early in 1851 he started 
for New Mexico, reaching Santa Fe during the summer of that 
year. Immediately after his arrival in Santa Fe he made a trip 
to Durango, Mexico, to present his credentials to Bishop Zubiria, 
who was in charge of New Mexico at the time of the change of 
government. Bishop Lamy was afterwards made archbishop. 
He died in Santa Fe February 14, 1888, and was succeeded by 
Archbishop J. B. Salpointe, who died on July 15, 1898, and was 
succeeded by Archbishop P. L. Chapelle. The last named was 
transferred to New Orleans December 1, 1897, where he died a 
victim of yellow fever, August 6, 1905. Archbishop Peter Bour- 
gade succeeded Chapelle and died at Chicago May 17, 1908, the 
actual incumbent. Archbishop John B. Pitaval, succeeding him. 
The Catholic church has forty-seven parishes, including a few 
private chapels, in New Mexico. 





CB IIM i » m 



^ Lju ij; 




AMERICAN OCCUPATION 119 

203. Religious Communities — Full Statistics — Membership. 

—The Catholic church has the following coniiniinities in New 
Mexico : Jesuit Fathers, Alburquerfjue and Las Vegas ; Fran- 
ciscan Friars, Farniington, Gallup, Jeines, Peua Blanca, and 
Roswell ; Brothers of Christian Schools, Santa Fe, Bernalillo, and 
Las Vegas; Sisters of Lorretto, Santa Fe, Bernalillo, Las Vegas, 
Mora, Socorro, and Taos; Sisters of Charity, Las Vegas, Santa 
Fe, and Alburijuerque ; Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, Santa 
Fe ; Sisters of St. Francis, Jeniez, Peiia Blanca, and Roswell ; 
Sisters of the Sorrowful Mother, Roswell. The personal mem- 
bership, educational, charitable, and orphanages of the said 
church in New jMexico are as follows : Bishop, 1 ; priests on 
duty, secular, 48 ; priests on duty, regular, 20 ; priests on leave, 
sick or retired, 7 ; churches with resident priest, 46 ; missions, 
stations, chapels, 340; Brothers, Christian, 23; Brothers, S. J., 
8 ; Brothers, 0. F. M., 6 ; total, 37 ; religious women, 124 ; colleges 
and academies for boys, 3 ; academies for young ladies, 6 ; schools, 
14 : boarding schools for Indians, 2 ; inmates, 315 ; orphan asylum, 
1 : orphans, 95 ; total of young people under Catholic care, 3,570 ; 
hospitals, 3 ; Catholic population, white, about 115,000 ; Catholic 
Indians, 12.000. 

204. Other Denominations. — The Protestant churches, and 
other denominations, in New Mexico, according to Prince, 
iiaA'e ninety-five churches or congregations, with a mem- 
bership of 15,449. This membership includes 218 Adventists, 
2.403 Baptists, 6 Plymouth Brethren, 10 Christadelphian, 270 
Congregationalists, 1,092 Christian Disciples. 867 Episcopalians, 
30 Independents, 120 Jews, 738 Mormons, 109 Lutherans. 3.513 
Methodists (North). 2,882 Methodists ( South i, 165 Methodists 
(colored), 2,935 Presbyterians, 70 Reformed Dutch, and 30 Sal- 
vationists. The Protestant denominations, like the Catholic 
church, have missions and mission schools in divers towns, and 
two large educational institutions (mission schools) in Santa Fe. 

LV 

Indians — Mines and Minerals 

205. Pueblo Indians. — The Pueblo Indians of today, Avith 
two or three exceptions, are practically in the same condition 
they were when first seen by the Spaniards, but the number of 
pueblos now is smaller than it Avas at the time of the conquest. 



120 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

There are now only the following: Taos, Jemez, Santa Clara, 
Pieuris, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Pojoaqne, Nambe, Tesuqne, 
Cochiti, Zia, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Sandia, Is- 
leta, Zuiii, and Aeoma. The pueblos of Pecos, Tanos (Galisteo), 
and others no longer exist. These Indians are all nominally 
Catholics, but they tenaciously adhere to the superstitions of 
their ancestors. The population of these pueblos and the other 
Indians, is given in the chapter on population. Under the Mex- 
ican government the Pueblo Indians exercised the rights of citi- 
zenship, but under our government they have not done so. 

206. The Savage Tribes. — The Indians of the savage tribes 
who still live in New Mexico, under reservation, and under the 
protection of the government, are the Apaches and the Navajoes. 
These tribes, like the Pueblo Indians, are engaged in stock 
raising and in the cultivation of their lands, performing the lat- 
ter task with reluctance and on a very limited scale. 

207. Miring and Mines. — Although the discovery of mines in 
New Mexico is older than the conquest (for the first mines as 
hereinbefore stated were discovered by Chamuscado in 1581, 
and the next discovery was made by Espejo in 1582-83), the 
raining industry remained almost paralyzed during the entire 
Spanish and Mexican eras, because of the perpetual raids and 
incursions of the savage Indians. In many parts of New Mexico 
are found rich mines which were closed by the Spaniards for the 
reason stated. The State is one of the richest in minerals in the 
American Union. In the mountains are veins of gold, silver, 
copper, iron, zinc, lead, etc. ; in the counties of Grant, Santa Fe, 
Dona Ana, Rio Arriba, San Miguel, Otero, Luna, Valencia, So- 
corro, Colfax, Sandoval, Union, Taos, and Mora rich copper mines 
are being worked. The output of these mines up to 1897 was 
only 700,000 pounds, but from 1897 to 1912 they produced 
75,000,000 pounds. The cash value of this production has been 
$1,000,000. Silver and gold mines are also worked, in the above 
named counties, and in nearly every other county in the State. 
Up to 1812, the production of other minerals has been as follows : 
Silver, nearly $12,000,000 ; zinc, about $900,000 ; iron has been 
mined to the extent of 100,000 tons a year, and lead about 12,000 
tons a year. Mica is also found and mined, in several parts of 
the State. Coal mines are plentiful in New Mexico, the coun- 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 121 

ties of Santa Fe, Bernalillo, Colfax, and McKinley, being the 
richest in this production. The coal within the State has been 
ofificiallv reckoned to be at 9,000,000,000 tons. 



CHAPTER XIX 
LVI 

Education 

208. Primitive Teaching. — The first iustruetion given to the 
original inhabitants of New Mexico was imparted by Cabeza de 
Vaea in the year 1535-36, followed by Father Marcos de Niza in 
1539, Beltran in 1840, and by Father Juan de Santa Maria, Fr. 
Francisco Lopez, and Fr. Agustin Rodriguez (Ruiz) in 1581, 
these last mentioned Fathers having established the first mission 
in New Mexico in that year. The first schools were established 
by the other Franciscans who came with Onate in 1598-99, and 
these schools were made industrial schools afterwards, so that 
in the year 1626, according to Fr. Benavides, there were schools 
in New Mexico in all the Spanish settlements, and in nearly all 
of the Indian pueblos. Thus it is that education in New Mexico 
antedates the conquest. The great revolt of 1680 destroyed much 
of the good accomplished, and it was not until the time of the 
permanent reconquest by De Vargas (1693-94), that education 
was formally implanted in XeW Mexico by the Catholic church. 

209. First Public Schools.— In 1721 the first public schools 
were established in every settlement and pueblo in New Mexico 
by the Franciscans, by authority of a royal decree. The teachers 
were all Franciscans, and their salaries were paid in corn, wheat, 
and other cereals, raised by the Spaniards and the Indians from 
lands given to the church for that purpose. 

210. Private Schools — Salaries of Teachers. — In the earlier 
part of the nineteenth century the vicar of New Mexico, Rev. 
Juan Rafael Rascon, established a private high school in Santa 
Fe, under the direction of Don Guadalupe Miranda. In this 
school the elements of Latin and Spanish grammar and the rudi- 
ments of philosophy were taught. This school was kept in oper- 
ation for a number of years and was supported by private con- 
tributions. The teachers of the public schools began at that time 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 



123 



to receive regular cash salaries in Santa Fe, San Miguel, Santa 
Cruz, Taos, and Belen, the remuneration being from $250 to 
$500 a year. 

211. First Public School Laws. — In 1822 there were pri- 
vate schools in several towns supported by private contribu- 
tion. April 27th of that year, the Diputacicm Provincial passed 
the first public school law, and the year following (1823) the said 
Assembly adopted another for the establishment of a grammar 
school at El Paso (then under New Mexico jurisdiction), with 
Don Luis de Lujan as principal. Another law for the fostering 
of popular education was adopted in April, 1825, and a further 
law was passed by said Assembly December 27, 1826. 




212. Private Colleges. — The same year (1826) Father Agus- 
tin Fernandez, vicar of New JMexico, established a private college 
in Santa Fe, and Father Antonio Jose Martinez established his 
famous private college at Taos. The principal men who after- 
wards figiu-ed prominently in local history received their educa- 
tion in these institutions. 



LVII 

213. Condition of Schools at Time of Annexation. — The 

schools enumerated above, including the schools conducted by 
the Franciscans, were all the schools existing in New Mexico up to 
the time of the American invasion (1846). One year after the in- 



124 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

vasion all the public schools, except one in Santa Fe, had been 
discontinued, as shown by the official message of Governor Don- 
aciano Vigil to the legislature, dated December 6, 1847. In his 
message Governor Vigil makes urgent appeal for the establish- 
ment of public schools "to give all an equal chance of being 
educated. ' ' 

214. First Schools Under the American Government.— The 
appeal of Governor Vigil had no effect, and New Mexico went 
without schools, except an insigniticant private school here and 
there, until Bishop Lamy established the first English school in 
Santa Fe, in 1851, with an English professor named E. Noel. 
The next year (1852) a woman named Howe established in 
Santa Fe the second English school. These were at that time 
the only schools in New Mexico where English was taught. 

215. " The Sisters of Loretto.— The first day of 1853 witnessed 
the opening of New Mexico's pioneer educational institution. 
The Sisters of Loretto, brought by Bishop Lamy to Santa Fe 
from Kentucky in September of the preceding year, 1852, opened 
that great institution which to this day stands as one of the 
greatest benefactors of New Mexico. This school was established 
for the education of girls. Its first mother was Sister Magdalena 
Hayden. This institution has today schools in many of the im- 
portant towns in New Mexico and there is hardly a home in New 
Mexico whose lady of the house does not take pride in saying 
that she is a "Loretto girl." 

216. The Christian Brothers. — While the girls of New Mexico 
had been provided with one of the finest schools in the land, 
the boys had not been forgotten by Bishop Lamy. In 1858 Bishop 
Lamy sent his vicar. Father Peter Eugillon, to France to bring 
the Christian Brothers. The Brothers sailed for America Au- 
gust 17, 1859, and arrived in Santa Fe October 27th, and on 
November 9, 1859, the college, which was to be the second pio- 
neer educational institution, and whose alumni today are seen 
in all parts of the great Southwest, occupying prominent posi- 
tions in all the walks of life, opened its doors to the poor and to 
rich children of New Mexico, with Brother Hilarion as superior 
or president of the college. This last mentioned institution did 
not confine its usefulness to Santa Fe ; like the Sisters of Loretto 
it has established branches in other parts of the State. 

217. Parochial and Mission Schools. — These are conducted 
by the Catholic church in Santa Fe and in all the important 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 125 

towns of the State, under the Sisters of Loretto, the Sisters of 
Charity, the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament (this last for the 
Indians), the Jesuit and the Franciscan Fathers, and other re- 
ligions orders. The other denominations also have many and very 
prosperous mission and private schools in Santa Fe, in all the 
principal towns of the State, and in nearly all the pueblos. 

LVIII 

218. Public Schools Under U. S. Government— The First 
Law. — The tirst public school law under the American regime 
was passed by the Territorial legislature in 1863. That is a 
unique law in that it placed the management of the schools in 
the hands of Bishop Lamy, the governor, and the secretary of 
the Territory. From that date nearly every legislature made a 
new law perfecting more and more the school requirements, un- 
til the system of popular education reached its present state of 
efficiency. Educational matters are now in the hands of the 
State board of education, consisting of five members, besides 
the governor and the superintendent of public instraction, who 
are made members by virtue of their office. The five members 
are named by the governor. 

219. Government of the Public Schools. — The principal of- 
ficer in the active management of the public schools is the super- 
intendent of public instruction, who is assisted by a county 
school superintendent in each county, and by a board of school 
directors in each district. All these officers are elected by the 
people. In municipalities, public education is in the hands of a 
municipal board of education and a principal or superintendent 
of city schools. 

220. Students and Funds.— The official census of 1910 showed 
in New Mexico 93,815 persons of school age (5 to 21 years) ; 
42,286 attend the public schools, the rest attend private and de- 
nominational schools. The school funds in the public treasury 
from school taxes in 1911 amounted to $585,445.05. This money 
is divided or apportioned yearly by the superintendent of public 
instruction among the different counties in the State, in propor- 
tion to the school population of each county. 

221. Additional Funds. — Besides the amounts that enter into 
the treasury from the collection of taxes, the State educational 
institutions received, according to the last annual report of the 



126 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

commissioner of public lands of the State, the following sums 
as proceeds from the sales and leases of the public lands of the 
State : The general public school fund, $5,929.95 ; the univer- 
sity, $2,758.84; the agricultural college, $1,383.70; the two 
normal colleges, $1,619.03 ; the mineralogical school, $647.42 ; 
military academy, $752.58 ; the reform school, $808.32 ; the 
college for the blind, $836.97 ; the college for the deaf and 
dumb, $575. 

222. Private and Sectarian Schools. — There are in the State 
attending these schools, 1127 pupils in the mission schools, 2181 
pupils in the non-sectarian private schools, and 1626 in the 
government Indian schools. These figures are taken from the of- 
ficial report of the superintendent of public instruction. 

223. State Pedagogic Institutions. — The State's educational 
institutions are : A university at the city of Albuquerque, un- 
der the charge of five regents; a school of agriculture and me- 
chanic arts at Las Cruces, with an equal number of regents; a 
normal school at Silver City, another at Las Vegas, each with 
five regents; a mineralogical school at Socorro; a deaf and 
dumb college at Santa Fe, and another for the blind at Alamo- 
gordo ; an orphan asylum at Belen ; a military academy at Ros- 
well ; a penal and reform school at Springer for young men ; and 
the Spanish- American normal school at El Rito. 

LVIX 

Other Public Institutions — Population 

224. Penal and Other Institutions. — Besides the institutions 
already noted the State has the following: A penitentiary, a 
hospital for sick miners, an insane asylum, and these received 
funds from the State treasury and out of the sales and lease of 
the State lands, in the year mentioned the following sums : 
The hospital for sick miners, $1,101.42 ; the penitentiary, $155.46 ; 
the insane asylum, $638.87; the capital building, $1,250.34. 

225. Population — Spanish and Mexican Eras. — The Spanish 
official statistics show the population of New Mexico during the 
Spanish regime as follows: In 1697 there were 1,500 Spaniards; 
no official figures are given of the Indian population, but from 
reports of the Franciscan Fathers the Indian population at that 
time was over 25,000, in Pueblo and savage Indians. In 1750 
the population was 3,779 Spaniards and 15,921 Indians. In 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 127 

1789 there were 16,059 Spaniards and 8,806 Indians (savages 
not included). Under the Mexican g'overnment the census was 
taken twice, once in 1827, under Governor Xarbona, which showed 
a total population of 53,866, and the second in 1840, under Gov- 
ernor Arinijo, wliich shows a total of 51,701. 

226. Population Under United States Government. — Gover- 
nor Monroe caused a census to be taken of the Spanish popula- 
tion, by counties, in 1850, which shows the following: Taos, 
11,683 ; Rio Arriba, 9,946 ; Santa Fe, 7,701 ; San Miguel, 7,563 ; 
Santa Ana, 6,444; Bernalillo, 6,663; Valencia, 5,917; Socorro, 
5,067; total 60,984. The official census taken in 1860 shows 
73,856 natives; 1,168 from other places and 5,479 foreigners, total 
80,503. The census of 1870 shows a total of 90,573. The census 
of 1880, shows a total of 119,493. The census of 1890 shows a 
total of 140,413. The census of 1910 shows a total of 327,695, 
including Indians, which are given as, Pueblo Indians, 9,000 ; 
Apaches, 1,500 ; Nava joes, 7,500 ; total 18,000. 



CHAPTER XX 

LX 

Commerce 

227. Under Spanish and Mexican Regimes. — Don Pedro Bau- 
tista Pino, in his valued little history, shows that up to 1804, 
the "Passive Commerce" coming through Mexico was: Goods 
from Europe, valued at $61,000; goods from Asia, valued at 
$7,000 ; goods from America, valued at $34,000 ; horses and mules 
for the military service $10,000; total $112,000. In that year 
(1804) New Mexico's commercial traffic with the United States 
began by the coming of Lalande, already mentioned. He was 
followed by Pursley (1805), Knight, and Glenn the same year, 
Becknell in 1821, and the Coopers in 1822. 

228. Commerce Under United States Government. — Up to 
1822, commerce with New Mexico was carried on from points on 
the Missouri River, by means of mule caravans, the amount of 
merchandise amounting to about $50,000 per year. It was in 
1824 (according to Barreiro in Pino's history) when "a company 
of 80 intelligent Missouri merchants" brought into Santa Fe 
about $30,000 in merchandise, "which they conveyed partly on 
mules, partly in wagons, and partly in carts." 

229. United States and Mexico's Troops Protect Traders. — 
The wild Indians on the plains were often troublesome, interrupt- 
ing the caravans every year and occasionally killing the freight- 
ers, their object being mainly the stealing of oxen and mules. To 
remedy this evil Governor Bartolome Baca, in 1825, sent Don 
Manuel Simon Escudero to Washington to interest the govern- 
ment in escorting the caravans on American teiTitory. Escudero 
was successful, the United States stationing a military force at 
Fort Bent from 1827 to 1833, from which place the freighters 
were escorted by American soldiers to the Missouri points, the 
Mexican soldiers escorting them, going and coming, as far as Fort 
Bent. 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 



129 



LXI 
Commerce, Wagons, and Railroads 

230. Tabulated Statement. — A detailed statement is given 
here to acquaint the student with the gradual growth of New 
Mexico's commerce from 1825 to 1846, the date the Territory- 
became part of the American Union : 

NO WAGONS 
YEAR VALUE EMPLOYED 

1825 $ 65,000 35 

1826 90,000 60 

1827 85,000 55 

1828 150,000 100 

1829 60,000 30 

1830 120,000 70 

1831 250,000 130 

1832 140,000 70 

1833 180,000 105 

1834 150,000 80 

1835 140,000 75 

1836 130,000 70 

1837 150,000 80 

1838 90,000 50 

1839 250,000 ' 130 

1840 50,000 30 

1841 150,000 60 

1842 160,000 70 

1843 450,000 230 
Between the years 1843 and 1846 the trade amounted to 

$1,752,250. 

231. Commerce before Advent of Railroads. — Up to 1846, 
duties had to be paid for merchandise introduced from the 
United States into Mexico, and that was the reason an account 
Avas kept of the value of importations. These duties ceased with. 
the change of governments, so that from 1846 to 1876, when 
freighting by wagon trains ceased because of the coming of the 
railroads, it has been said that commercial traffic reached the 
sum of $3,000,000 per year. The Territory's advance during 
that lapse of thirty years is unprecedented in every industry, 
and at the present time (1914) it is over $6,000,000 a year. 




E-i ° 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 131 

232. The Railroads— Trade Enhanced.— In 1876 the Atchi- 
son, Topeka and Santa Fe Raih-oad Company's line reached New 
Mexico, and its coming enhanced the vahie of property and gave 
a great impulse to the principal industries: stock raising, min- 
ing, and agriculture. At the present time (1914) there are the 
following railroads, telegraph, and telephone lines in operation : 

Trunk and auxiliary railroad lines 13 

Mileage of these 13 lines 2,758 

Industrial railroad lines 9 

Mileage of industrial lines 165 

Total railroad lines 22 

Total mileage in operation 2,923 

Total mileage of telegraph and telephone lines 4,731 

The actual value of said lines reached up to $77,000,000. 
From that sura a tax is collected at the rate of an appraisement 
upon 20 per cent of said sum of $77,000,000. According to the 
traveling auditor these railroad lines represent 24.218 per cent 
of the whole property of the State subject to taxation. 

LXII 

Corporations — Banks — Real Estate 

233. Corporations. — From an official communication ad- 
dressed to the author of this work by Nathan Jaffa, then secre- 
tary of the Territory of New Mexico, dated May 19, 1910, there 
were at that time 1358 companies or corporations, divided as fol- 
lows : 

Companies for certifying real estate titles 25 

Banks and trust companies 39 

Loan and building associations 12 

Construction and building associations 14 

Mercantile companies 219 

Manufacturing companies 125 

Irrigation companies 70 

Mining and foundry companies 380 

Stock raising and farming, agricultural companies 103 

Railroad companies 45 

Telegraph and telephone companies 28 

Hotel companies 6 

Light, gas, and fuel companies 41 



132 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

Savings companies 149 

Publishing companies 21 

Miscellaneous 71 

234. Banks and Banking. — The number and condition of the 
banks shows a healthy development of economic conditions in 
the State. May 19, 1910, according to an official statement made 
to the author by the traveling auditor of New Mexico, there were 
then 41 national and 39 territorial banks representing, in cash 
capital, resources, and liabilities, in the aggregate, $25,266,487. 

235. Real Estate. — Official reports show that the real estate 
subject to taxation reached in 1881, the value of $14,088,554 ; in 
1882, $20,441,395; in 1883, $27,137,003. The value increased 
yearly, and in 1910 reached the sum of $62,800,000. At the 
present time (1914) judging the rate of increase by the preced- 
ing years, the value can be safely put at $100,000,000. 



CHAPTER XXI 

LXIII 
Societies — Press — Santa Fe Trail 

236. Historical Society. — The Historical Society of New 
Mexico was organized in the year 1859, Colonel J. B. Grayseu 
being its founder and first president. It became disorganized 
during the Civil War, and was not reorganized until the year 
1880, in December, when it celebrated its twenty-first anniver- 
sary by electing L. B. Prince as its president. In 188-4 the Ter- 
ritory assigned to it the rooms which were formerly used for 
legislative purposes — the two eastern halls of the ' ' Old 
Palace." It owns a collection of gems and antique relics of 
priceless historical value, from prehistoric times, among which is 
found a public collection of very old Spanish manuscripts. Its 
library comprises most rare works of great merit. 

287. Archaeological Society. — This society was founded in 
Santa Fe as a branch of the Archaeological Institute of America, 
in 1907. It conducts a yearly school in Santa Fe attended by 
students from every civilized nation in the world, for the study 
of ancient civilization of America. It occupies, in conjunction 
with the Historical Society, the ancient Palace of the Governors 
in Santa Fe, and the legislature appropriated a yearly sum of 
$5,000, ''to enable the Society to care for the improvements of 
the Palace and for procuring a collection of books, the equipment 
for the museum, and the preservation of archaeological sites in 
New Mexico. ' ' 

238. The Press. — The first printing press that is known for a 
certainty, was brought to Taos from Mexico by Father Antonio 
Jose Martinez, in 1835, in which year Father Martinez published 
in Taos the first newspaper named El Crepiisculo (The Dawn). 
Father Martinez printed at that time, and as late as 1843, the 
school books needed for his school and for his ministry^. In 1843 
he printed a Memorial to the Mexican government. From that 
time to the present (1914) the number of newspapers has grown 



134 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

to more than 138, in weekly and daily publications. Many of the 
printing establishments are large and well equipped with mod- 
ern machinery. 

239. The Santa Fe Trail. — The dedication of a marble monu- 
ment (slab), bearing the inscription which marks the end of the 
famous Santa Fe Trail, took place in Santa Fe August 21, 1911. 
The slab is placed near the southeast corner of the park (the 
plaza), and within the park enclosure. Over this trail passed all 
freighters, troops, mails, and passengers from the time of La- 
lande in 1804, to the coming of the railroads. Over it marched 
nearly all the pioneer merchants of New Mexico, many of them 
traveling in the celebrated Sanderson and Barlow stage coaches 
from Kansas City to Santa Fe, making the trip in thirteen days 
and six hours. The passengers had to pay $175 (in gold) fare, 
and forty pounds of baggage and a pair of blankets were allowed 
to each passenger. The charges for carrying money were $85 per 
$1,000 or $1 per pound of gold or silver bullion, most of the 
money being in the form of gold dust. 

LXIV 

Grants, Government 

240. Spanish and Mexican Grants. — To encourage the settle- 
ment of the country, extensive tracts of land were granted by the 
governments of Spain and Mexico to the colonists and their im- 
mediate successors. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the 
United States government bound itself to protect the rights of the 
owners of these grants. Accordingly, on July 22, 1854, Congress 
passed the law which established the office of surveyor-general in 
New Mexico, for the purpose of ascertaining wliat lands were 
covered by such grants. Upon a general survey made by this 
official it was .found that the total area of New Mexico was 
77,568,640 acres (this included Arizona and part of Colorado) or 
121,291 square miles. Of this number of acres only 2,293,142 
acres was found to be public land ; the balance, 75,275,498 acres, 
was claimed by private individuals as grantees, or purchasers 
from the grantees. In 1891 Congress created a special tribunal 
to settle the much-vexed question of such grants in New ]\Iexico, 
Arizona, and Colorado. This tribunal was designated as the 
court of private land claims. It held sessions in Santa Fe, Colo- 
rado, and Arizona, from 1891 to 1904, its labors resulting in the 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 135 

approval of 2,051,526 acres and the rejection or disapproval of 
33,439,493 acres. In this number are not included those grants 
which had been approved by Congress before the creation of this 
land court. 

241. Government Under the Spanish Regime.— The whole 
province was divided into seven alcaldeships, the alcaldes (jus- 
tices) serving without salary, one military and political governor, 
his secretary, two lieutenants, and two ensigns. This was the 
government of the king. The church had its own ecclesiastical 
government which was recognized as such by the king. At 
Guadalajara first, and at Chihuahua afterwards, sat the appel- 
late tribunal called Audiencia, the only tribunal the litigants 
and accused could appeal to from the decisions of the governor. 
Under this government New Mexico had in Spain a delegate 
(Pino) from 1810 to 1820. 

242. Government Under Mexican Rule.— From 1822 to 1846, 
New Mexico was governed under the laws of Mexico, and the or- 
dinances passed by its Diputacion Provincial (Provincial Depu- 
tation) afterwards made Asamblea Departmental (Departmental 
Assembly), and the execution of these laws and ordinances was 
jjlaced in the hands of the governor or political chief, and the 
alcaldes. The governor was also the head of the militia and of 
the volunteers. Under the Mexican government. New Mexico was 
given representation in the Mexican Congress and, up to 1846, 
it sent its representative to Mexico, also to Durango and Chihua- 
hua during the short time New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Durango 
were one political entity. 

243. Government Under the United States. — The first govern- 
ment in New jMexico under the American union was a pro- 
visional military government established by General Kearny 
in 1846, and then changed into a civil government (pro- 
visional) with Charles Bent, and the other officials appointed 
by Kearny, in charge of civil and political affairs. After- 
wards, 1849-50, the military assumed the functions of gov- 
ernment until Congress made New Mexico a Territory, by 
the Organic Act of 1850, under which act the Territorial govern- 
ment was organized in 1851. Under that act the governor and 
secretary, also the judges of the supreme and district courts were 
appointed by the President of the United States. By this act 
New Mexico elected its own county ofificers and its legislators, and 
the governor, by and with the consent and advice of the Terri- 



136 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



torial Legislative Council, appointed the rest of the Territorial 
officials. 
244. Administration of Justice — County Governments. — 

The administration of justice was vested by the Organic Act in a 
supreme court, several district courts, and justices of the peace 
courts. Each county has its board of county commissioners, a 




Courtesy of J. C. Candelario, S 
CAPITOL OF NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE, N. M. 



sheriff, and a constable in each precinct, a county treasurer and 
tax collector, a probate judge, assessor, superintendent of schools, 
and a surveyor, besides a board of school directors in each school 
district. All these officers were (and are under the State laws) 
elected by the people. 
245. Political Division. — In 1914 New Mexico was divided 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 137 

into twenty-six counties, namely : Bernalillo, organized January 
6, 1852, with its county seat formerly at Bernalillo now at the 
city of Albuquerque ; Chavez, organized February, 1867, county 
seat, Roswell ; Colfax, organized January 25, 1860, county seat, 
Raton ; Curry, organized February 25, 1900, county seat, Clovis ; 
Doiia Ana, organized February, 1857, county seat. Las Cruces; 
Eddy, organized February 25, 1887, county seat, Carlsbad; 
Grant, organized January 30, 1868, county seat, Silver City; 
Guadalupe, organized Febraary 23, 1905, county seat, Santa 
Rosa; Lincoln, organized February 13, 1880, county seat, Lin- 
coln ; Luna, organized March 16, 1901, county seat, Deming ; Mc- 
Kinley, organized February 23, 1899, county seat, Gallup ; Mora, 
organized January 6, 1852, county seat. Mora ; Otero, organized 
January 30, 1899, county seat, Alamogordo; Quay, organized 
February 28, 1903, county seat, Tucumcari; Rio Arriba, organ- 
ized January 6, 1852, county seat, first at Plaza del Alcalde, 
actually at Tierra Amarilla; Roosevelt, organized February 28, 
1903, county seat, Portales ; Sandoval, organized March 10, 1903, 
county seat, Bernalillo ; San Juan, organized February 24, 1884, 
county seat, Aztec; San Miguel, organized January 6, 1852, 
county seat. Las Vegas; Santa Fe, organized January 6, 1852, 
county seat, Santa Fe; Sierra, organized April 3, 1884, county 
seat, Hillsboro ; Socorro, organized January 6, 1852, county seat, 
Socorro; Taos, organized January 6, 1852, county seat, Taos; 
Torrance, organized March 16, 1903, county seat, Estancia ; 
Union, organized February 28, 1895, county seat, Clayton; Va- 
lencia, organized January 6, 1852, county seat, Los Lunas. Each 
of these counties is governed by a board of commissioners elected 
by the electors (voters) of each county. These counties re- 
mained as such at the time of New Mexico's admission to the 
Union (1912). For judicial purposes these counties are divided 
into eight judicial districts with a district judge for each district, 
now elected by the voters of the State. 



CHAPTER XXII 

LXV 

Statehood 

246. History of the Struggle. — The promises of autonoiny 
made by Kearny, August, 1846, and by the United States govern- 
ment in Article 9 of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February, 
1848, formed the basis for statehood claims. The struggle com- 
menced when the first legislature, in 1846, adopted its statehood 
memorial to Congress. Then came the statehood convention and 
election of State oificials in 1850. In 1870 the legislature 
adopted a constitution, but the matter got no further. Again, 
in 1875, the United States Senate passed an enabling act which 
was killed in the House by reason of a mistake made by New 
Mexico's delegate in Congress, S. B. Elkins. Another enabling 
act was introduced in Congress in 1888, with the same result. 
In 1889 a constitution was adopted in Santa Fe, by a constitu- 
tional convention which was approved by a majority of the vo- 
ters of New Mexico, but rejected by Conress. Another constitu- 
tion was adopted in 1890, but disapproved by the voters. In 1901 
a convention met at Albuquerque, and adopted a constitution 
which was submitted to Congress, without results. In 1906 Con- 
gress passed a joint statehood act admitting New Mexico and 
Arizona as one state; an election was held in both Territories, 
New Mexico voting for joint statehood, but Arizona voting against 
the proposition. As a result, statehood was lost again. These 
constitute the main efforts of the people to obtain statehood from 
1847 up to 1911. 

247. The Act that Operated. — Through the valuable assist- 
ance of President William H. Taft, the Congress of the United 
States, June 20, 1910, passed the enabling act which finally ad- 
mitted New Mexico as a State of the American Union. Upon the 
passage of that act the governor of New Mexico, on June 29, 
1910, by proclamation ordered an election of 100 delegates to 
frame a constitution. The election was held on September 6th, 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 139 

the same year, and the delegates met in convention at Santa Fe 
October 3, 1910, with Charles A. Spiess as president, G. W. 
Aniiijo as secretary, and Father Julius Hartman as chaplain, 
and adopted a constitution which was approved January 21, 
1911, by a majority of the voters. The total vote cast was 
45,141 ; 31,742 votes were cast in favor and 13,399 against the 
constitution. 

248. The Fight in Congress.— February 6, 1911, Governor 
Mills left Santa Fe for Washington, and on the 9th of that 
month delivered to President Taft the constitution and the of- 
ficial certificate of the result of the election. On the 24th of the 
same month President Taft approved the constitution and on 
the same day sent it with a favorable message to the Congress. 
In Congress a bitter fight was made. The house on March 3d, 
by resolution adopted the constitution, but the Senate the next 
day, March 4th, adjourned after having adopted an amendment 
to include Arizona with New Mexico. The Senate having ad- 
journed, the amended resolution did not reach the House until 
April, 1911, and the matter was taken up day by day from April 
to July, when the House adopted another resolution providing 
for a more easy way of amending the constitution. This resolu- 
tion w^as at once sent to the Senate and that body, after another 
fight, on other resolutions, finally, on August 10th, adopted the 
House resolution (known as the Flood resolution). President 
Taft refused to approve the resolution, and the matter was again 
taken up by Congress. The resolution was at last approved by 
the Senate, with Arizona eliminated, on August 17th, and by 
the House the next day, August 19, 1911, and at 3 p. m., on the 
21st day of that month, it was signed by the President, who, on 
the 29th of August, 1911, gave official notification to New Mexico's 
governor of what had been done. 

249. Election of State Officers— The Bine Ballot.— Upon re- 
ceipt of President Taft's official notification. Governor Mills is- 
sued a proclamation (on August 30th) for an election of State 
officers, fixing the 7th of November, 1911, for the election. Both 
political parties took steps to hold their nominating conventions. 
The Republicans held their convention in Las Vegas in Septem- 
ber, ancl the Democrats in Santa Fe in October, 1911. The elec- 
tion was held, as per the proclamation, and the total vote cast for 
State officers was as follows: For governor, W. C. McDonald, 
Democrat, 31,036; H. 0. Bursum, Republican, 28,019; Mc- 



140 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

Donald's plurality, 3,017. For congressmen, George Curry, Re- 
publican, 30,162; H. B. Fergusson, Democrat, 29,999; Elfego 
Baca, Republican, 28,836 ; Paz Valverde, Democrat, 28,353 ; Cur- 
ry 's plurality, 1,809; Fergusson 's plurality, 1,163. For lieu- 
tenant-governor, Malaquias Martinez, Republican, 28,906 ; E. C. 
de Baca, Democrat, 29,642; De Baca's plurality, 1,736. For 
secretary of state, Secundino Romero, Republican, 28,392; An- 
tonio Lucero, Democrat, 29,692; Lucero's plurality, 760. For 
state auditor, William G. Sargent, Republican, 29,574; Fran- 
cisco Delgado, Democrat, 29,133; Sargent's plurality, 441. For 
state treasurer, Silvestre Mirabal, Republican, 28,977 ; 0. N. Mar- 
ron, Democrat, 29,867; Marron's plurality, 890. For attorney 
general, Frank W. Clancy, Republican, 30,162; W. R. McGill, 
Democrat, 28,721; Clancy's plurality, 1,441. For superinten- 
dent of public instruction, A. B. Stroup, Republican, 29,411 ; A. 
N. White, Democrat, 29,522; White's plurality. 111. For com- 
missioner of public lands, R. P. Ervien, Republican, 29,706 ; J. L. 
Emmerson, Democrat, 29,242; Ei*vien's plurality, 464. For 
justices of the supreme court, Frank W. Parker, Republican, 
29,583; C. J. Roberts, Republican, 29,681; E. R. Wright, Repub- 
lican, 29.541; R. H. Hanna, Progressive Republican, 29,674; 
Summerrs Burkhart, Democrat, 29,453 ; W. A. Dunn, Democrat, 
29,423; Parker's plurality, 130; Roberts's, 258; Hanna 's, 133. 
For corporation commissioners, G. W. Armijo, Republican, 29,- 
808 ; H. H. Williams, Republican, 29,835 ; M. S. Groves, Repub- 
lican, 29,783; G. H. Van Stone, Progressive Republican, 29,451; 
Owen, Democrat, 28,509; Seferino Martinez, Democrat, 28,577; 
Through a mistake in printing, 1,033 votes were cast for "Sol 
Owen" and could not be counted for 0. L. Owen. Williams's 
plurality, 1,326; Groves, 1,206; Van Stone's, 343. Mr. Van 
Stone was afterwards ousted on contest proceedings and Owen 
declared elected. The blue ballot providing for an easier way of 
amending the constitution received a total of 57,728 votes, of 
wliich 34,897 votes were given for it and 22,728 against it. 

LXVI 

Admission — State Government — Roca Del Moro 
250. Statehood Accomplished. — The result of the State elec- 
tion was certified by the governor at once, and on January 4, 1912, 
was delivered to President Taft. Two days after (January 6, 



AMERICAN OCCUPATION 141 

1912) the President signed his proclamation admitting New 
Mexico as the forty-seventh State of the American Union, and 
on the 8th day of that month our two congressmen were seated 
in the national House of Representatives, in Washington, D. C. 

251. State Government Organized. — On the 15th day of 
January, 1912, the State government was ot¥icially inaugurated 
at the capitol in Santa Fe, all the newly elected otHcials assum- 
ing the duties of their respective offices, and the Territorial of- 
ficials stepping out. Thus ended the life of New Mexico as a 
ward of the nation, and its new life as a member of the great 
American Union was commenced. 

252. First State Legislature — U. S. Senators. — The first 
legislature of the State of Ncav Mexico (see list of membership 
in Appendix) met in Santa Fe, March 11, 1912, with Ezequiel 
Baca, the lieutenant-governor, as president of the State Senate, 
and Roman Liberate Baca, as speaker of the House, the Senate 
consisting of twenty-four members (the president not included) 
and the House of forty-nine members (the speaker included), 
and on March 27th, Thomas Benton Catron and Albert B. Fall 
were elected, in joint session, United States senators from New 
Mexico. The two senators were seated in the Senate of the 
United States on the 2d day of April, 1912. 

253. La Roca Del Moro. — There is in the western part of 
New Mexico, and near the dividing line between New Mexico and 
Arizona, a monstrous rock, which, like a tower or light house, 
shoots up from the bottom of a valley rising to the height, of 
225 feet and commanding a view of all the country for many 
miles around. That rock forms, undoubtedly, one of the most 
important pages in the history of New Mexico, as it was, for the 
conquerors, or at least the greater part of them, Avhat the light- 
house is for sailors. Many miles before reaching the valleys of 
Zuni, the conquerors beheld the rock, to which they gave the 
name of La Roca del Moro (the Rock of the Moor), and so it 
Avas that it came to be the guiding object of the Spaniards in 
their entries into New Mexico. In this rock there is a very large 
cave in which the Spanish conquerors were wont to lodge, each 
of them leaving graven in the rock their names and dates of their 
passing the rock. Among the names thus engraven are the 
names of Onate (1605), De Vargas (1692), and Juan Paiz Hur- 
tado (1736). Archbishop J. B. Lamy visited the Moro Novem- 
ber 10, 1863, and inscribed his name on the rock. 



F " r • • 






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1 if^^H/_ : ' 




■ *' 


R±rr— - ':- :.■..... . 


.. : :. ..J 



MAP OF NEW MEXICO, 1779 



TRANSLATION 

"Map of the internal Province of New Mexico made by Don Bernardo de Miera y 
Pacheco, distinguished soldier of the Real Presidio de Santa Fee, by order of Lieu- 
tenant Colonel of the Cavalry, Governor and Captain General of said Province, Don 
Juau Bautista de Anza, showing its settlements and their condition at the present 
time, being badly formed and far apart; the number of houses inhabited by colonists; 
the bad location thereof, each individual having built his house upon the tract of land 
to him granted, that being the reason why great damages, lamentable disasters and 
desolation of whole settlements have been caused by the enemy, the Comanches and 
the Apaches, who roam around the Province killing many colonists and carrying away 
the families as captives, which facts makes impprative the prompt compliance of the 
wise, timely and charitable mandate which the zeal in pro of the Royal Service 
prompted said Governor to issue, after visiting settlements, and after familiarizing 
iiimself with their sad condition, the obedience of which is the only remedy to insure 
their stability, civility and a Christian policy, which commands the colonists to build 
their settlements compactly and in redoubt-square form; each settlement to consist 
of at least twenty families, the smallest to have two bastions and the largest four in 
the centre and well arranged to facilitate the proper use of fire arms ; it not being 
advisable to construct ancient turrets ( ''torreone s" ), for under them the enemy finds 
a hiding place, bores holes through their walls and then sets them a fire, as experience 
has demonstrated. At a short league from the pueblo of Taos, along the edge of the 
river called 'De Don Fernando' there was a settlement of twelve families, their 
houses were scattered, as it was their habit to have them ; these families upon learning 
that the Comanche Indians were coming to insult them gathered in a large house, 
which was turreted, of Pablo Yillalpando, among them being fourteen men well armed 
with fire arms and a large quantity of ammunition; the enemy made an intrepid and 
vigorous attack upon said house safely sheltering themselves under the breast works 
of the turrets, then they batt«red breaches in different parts of the turrets and built 
fires therein. The besieged in order to prevent such manaeuvre on the part of the 
enemy bent their bodies over the parapet, to better discharge their guns, thus giving 
the Indians the opportunity to inflict on them arrow and bullet wounds from which 
all perished, the Indians then capturing seventy-four persons, grown and small, of 
both sexes. The Indians lost over eighty killed. I have narrated this event to make 
plain the tenacity with which these enemies fight. The pueblos of Christian Indians 
remain to this day living under the same policy, union and civility they were living 
under when the Spaniards first found them in their original pueblos: with their 
houses built together, two and three stories high, their settlements forming a square 
(plaza) ; their houses having portable ladders which are lifted upon the approach of 
the enemy ; their roofs and terraces, high and low, being well protected with loop- 
holes in the parapets, to in.iure the enemy and for their own defence. 

"Done in the Villa de Sta. Fee, Capital of said Province, In the year 1779." 



EXPLANATORY GUIDE 



to/ 



"Spanish scattered settlements" C3 CJ (J} 

"Ditto, destroyed by the enemy" ixj q3 [J'm 

"Pueblos of Christian Indians" 



"Ruins of Ancient pueblos" 

"Water springs" *^'*\. 

"Lands occupied by the Gentiles" 




tin ^121 



Review Questions 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 



1. Where ^vas the cradle of the human race? How is Asia separated 
from America? What part of the world was first settled by man? Have 
we any proofs of the coming of the first man to the American continent? 
2. What did Colinnbns and the other discoverers and concpierors find in 
America? What did they find in Mexico and South America? By whom 
and when was Mexico conquered? By whom and when was Peru conquered? 
?. How far advanced did Cortes and Pizarro find the Indians of Mexico 
and Peru? 

II 

4. When and by whom was America discovered? Name the first island 
d'scovered by Columbus. Name the other islands subsequently discovered 
by Co'.umbus. Where did Colunibus first discover the American Indian? 
5. By whom and why was the name ' ' Indian ' ' given to the first inhabitants 
of America? Describe the condition of the aborigines (Indians) so found 
by Columbus. 6. Name the next Euroiiean who visited America. What 
part of the continent did Ojeda visit? Did he find Indians? Describe the 
condition of the Indians so found by Ojeda. 

Ill 

7. Wliat did Cordova and Grijalva accomplish? What was the condition 
of the Mexican Indians? How far into Mexico did Grijalva reach? 8. 
Describe the worship and degree of knowledge of and manner of sacrifice of 
these Indians. 9. Name the date Cortes entered the City of Mexico. What 
was the Indian name of the city? Name the emperor of Mexico. State 
th.e degree of knowledge in the science of government, industries and re- 
ligion of Montezuma and his subjects. 

IV 

10. When did Pizarro conquer Peru? Name tlie rulers he found govern- 
ing the country. Describe the condition and advancement in which the 
Spaniards found tlie Peruvians. 11. Give the traditions of the Peruvians 
as to their origin, the founding of their empire, and their manner of wor- 
ship. 12. Who taught them the sciences of agriculture, arts, architecture, 
and astronomy? To whom are we indebted for A\hat we know of these first 
inhabitants of this portion of our continent? 



13. In what condition were the North American Indians found? How 
and bv what name are tliey known in history? Describe their mode of liv- 



148 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

ing. 14. Describe their domestic habits. Describe their manner of travel- 
ing. 15. What was their religion? What was their paradise? 16. What 
is known of their origin? What evidences have been found, and where, of 
prehistoric occupation? When was Jamestown settled and by whom? Who 
was Ponce de Leon? Who was the founder of Quebec? Who was Captain 
Newjjort? What did the Jesuit, Father Marquette, accomplish? 

VI 

17. Who was the first white man to cross the continent? Name the year 
and places where the journey was commenced and where it ended. 18. Give 
an account of De Vaca's story of the lives of the New Mexican Indians. 
19. Wlio followed De Vaca into New Mexico? 20. W^ho was J. B. Sal- 
pointe? What had he to say regarding the origin and coming of the first 
inhabitants to our continent? What do historians and ethnologists (ex- 
plain the word ethnologists to the student) say on that point? 

VII 

22. Who was Panfilo de Narvaez? How were he and De Vaca connect- 
ed? What was the real name of De Vaca? What was the origin of the 
name Cabeza de Vaca? 23. Repeat the story of De Vaca's coming to 
Florida. State what you know of the lauding in Florida of the expedition 
and its end. 24. What important village did the Spaniards capture? 
When and under what circumstances did they leave Ante? State the suf- 
fering the Spaniards had to undergo. What means did they use to reach 
the Gulf? How many of them survived, and how were they saved? Name 
some of those saved. 

VIII 

25. How long did De Vaca and his companions remain in captivity? 
^Vhen did they escape? 26. What route did they follow^? Did they visit 
New Mexico? What kind of treatment did the Indians give De Vaca and 
his companions? Why did they treat them kindly? What means did the 
Spaniards use to cure the sick? What did De Vaca teach the Indians? 
27. What became of De Vaca's two dogs? Why did the Spaniards eat the 
meat of the dogs? 28. Who did De Vaca and his party meet near San 
Mgiiel? Why did Alcaraz arrest De Vaca and his companions? State 
what was done to De Vaca and his companions. 29. By whom were they 
released? When did De Vaca reach Mexico? What did he do there? 
When did he reach Spain? Where was he sent by the king after he had 
reached Spain? How did De Vaca end his life? 

IX 

30. Who was the discoverer of the Gila River? 31. In what year and 
by whom was the first expedition into New Mexico made? 32. Who was 
Fr. Marcos de Niza? When did he come to America? What part of Amer- 
ica did he visit, and for what purpose, before coming to New Mexico? 33. 
By whom was he sent to New Mexico? In what year? With what object 
did Mendoza send Niza to the land of Cibola? Who was Niza's guide? 
Wlio was Estevanico? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 149 



34. What were the instructions given Niza by Mendoza? 35. Who ac- 
companied Niza? From what place and on what date did Niza start? Name 
the first Indian settlement reached by Niza. Wliat became of Father 
Ornato? 36. Wliat did Niza learn regarding Cortes? From whom did he 
receive the information? What name did these Indians give Niza and what 
did it mean? What other information did these Indians give Niza? 37. 
Name the next village found by Niza? What did he find there? What did 
Niza do with Estevanico? 

XI 

38. Did Estevanico reach Zafii? How was he treated by the Indians? 
Wliat kind of report did he make to Niza? 39. What other information 
did Niza receive, and from Avhom? What did Niza do at the villages hn 
went through? 40. Did Niza visit the coast? How far did he go along 
the coast? What coast did he visit? 41. When did Niza hear of Este- 
vanico "s death? What advice did Niza receive from the emissaries? 42. 
Did Niza reach the Seven Cities? How near to the main pueblo did he go? 
What was the name of that pueblo? What did Niza do at the mound? 
How and in what manner did Niza take j^ossession of New Mexico? What 
name did he give to the country? What did he do then? What kind of 
report did he give to the viceroy? When did he reach the City of Mexico? 

XII 

43. Why did Mendoza select Coronado? Name some of Coronado 's of- 
ficers. How many men did Coronado have? In what year did he start, 
and from what place ? 44. What did the officers and men do at Compostela 
before the start was made? Name some of the friars that accompanied 
Coronado. Wlio was Pedro de Castaiieda? 45. Was Coronado pleased 
with the Cibola country? What naine did he give to the Zuni Eiver? 46. 
What was the original Indian name of Zuiii? What soi-t of reception did 
Coronado get? Wlieu did Coronado enter Zuiii? What name did he give the 
province? Describe the pueblo's condition. How was Coronado wounded? 
47. What did Arellano find on his way to Cibola? What settlements were 
founded by Arellano? What was the object and result of Maldonado 's trip 
to the coast? 48. Wliat did Melchor Diaz do then? What did he find on 
reaching the coast? 49. Who discovered and explored the Colorado Eiver? 
How far inland did Diaz go? Why did he return? What happened to him? 

XIII 

50. When did the army reach Cibola? \^^iat was the next province dis- 
covered, and by whom? What was the result of the battle of Tiisayan? 
What did Tovar hear at Tusayan? 51. Who made the second discovery 
of the Colorado River? Describe the efforts of Melgosa and Galeras. 52. 
Who discovered Acuco, Tiguex, and Cicuye? Under what names are these 
pueblos now known? Where was Tiguex? What was Puaray? Who was 
Bigotes? Why was he ^iven that name? What did Bigotes say to Coronado? 
What did Coronado do then? 53. Describe Alvarado 's journey. What in- 
formation did he send Coronado from Tigaiex? How was he received at 
Puaray? Wlio was Turco? What did he say to Alvarado? 54. Who dis- 



150 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

covered Tutahaco? What pueblos did Tutahaeo comprise? When did 
Coronado and the army reach Tiguex? What did Turco say to Corouado? 
Hovv did the Spaniards treat the Indians? What was tlieir object in being 
cruel ? 

XIV 

55. How did Coronado return the hospitality of the Tiguex Indians? 
What brought about the first fight between the Tiguex Indians and the 
Spaniards? When was that? 56. How long did the siege of Puaray last? 
What did Cardenas do to the Indians who had voluntarily surrendered? 
Tell about the siege and the losses of the two sides. 57. What was 
Coronado 's object in going to Cicuye while Tiguex was besieged? Who 
did he take with him? Why had he kept Bigotes in prison? 58. What 
happened after Coronado 's return to Tiguex? What became of the In- 
dians of Tiguex? What about the province of the Queres? What pueblos 
made up that province? When did Coronado 's army undertake its journey 
to the Quivira? 

XV 

59. Describe Coronado 's march to the Quivira. What did he find on the 
desert? Did he suffer? 60. What did Coronado learn about Cabeza de 
Vaca? Who was Ysopete? What did Ysopete tell the Spaniards' about 
Turco? 61. Wliat happened to Turco? What became of Coronado and 
the army? 62. Describe the return of the army and the time of travel. 
What did Arellano do after reaching Tigtiex? Name the new discoveries. 
63. Did Coronado find the Quivira? Wliere was it? 64. Why did Arel- 
lano meet the Cicuye Indians in battle? Where was Arellano going? 
When did Coronado reach Tiguex again? 

XVI 

65. How did Coronado feel when he returned to Tiguex from Quivira? 
When did he return? What did he report to the emperor? 66. Where 
did Coronado and his army spend the winter in 1541? What happened to 
him while riding- on horseback? 67. When did Coronado leave Tiguex 
for Mexico? Who, if anyone, remained in this country when Coronado 
left? Where did these fathers go? What became of them? Where did 
the Portuguese go? What was his name? Who found afterwards the Mex- 
ican Indians? Where did Espejo find them? 

XVII 

68. Who was Ibarra? When was the fi-rst mission after Coronado 's 
time, and by whom, established in New Mexico? Name the soldiers that 
came with Fr. Eodriguez (Ruiz) and his companions? 69. Give the date 
and place of start on this journey. What name was first given tlie Rio 
Grande? Name the place where these Fathers made their headquarters. 
70. Where, when, and by whom \Aere the first mines discovered in New 
Mexico? What did CTiamuscado and his soldiers do after discovering the 
mines? 71. Who gave New Mexico its name? Why was Father Juan de 
Santa Maria sent to Mexico? Did he reach Mexico? Why? What became 
of Father Lopez and Fr. Rodriguez? What became of the Mexican Indiars 
who came with the Fathers? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 151 

xvni 

72. What became of .Chamuscado 's force after reaching San Bartolome ? 
D;d any of Chamuscado 's party reach the City of Mexico f What did Bus- 
tamente and Barrado do at Mexico City? What did Father Beltran do on 
hearing rumors of the killing of Father Lopez and his companions? Who 
was Antonio de Espejo? 73. When and from where did he start? Wlio 
accompanied him .? What was the object of this expedition? 74. Name the 
Indian pueblos visited by Espejo before reaching Tiguex. What did Es- 
pejo learn with reference to Cabeza de Vaca? 7.5. What did Espejo learn 
at Tiguex regarding the fate of Father Lopez and his companions? What 
did the Puaray Indians do on Espejo 's arrival? What did the Spaniards 
then resolve to do ? 

XIX 

76. Where did Espejo establish his headquarters? What name did he 
give to the country? What did he find near the Gila Eiver? 77. What did 
Espejo say about the metals discovered? What happened to the party at 
Zuiii? 78. W'hat did Espejo then do? Did he find more mines? Where? 
What other places did Espejo visit? 79. When did he return to San Bar- 
tolonie, and by what route? Who did he find at San Bartolome? 

XX 

SO. Who was Juan Bautista de Lomas y Colmeuares? How many ef- 
forts did he make to conquer New Mexico? Why did he fail? Wliat can 
you tell about Urdiiiola? 81. Who was Castaiio de Sosa? Did he pene- 
trate into New Mexico? How many persons did he bring with him? 82. 
Why, by whom, and where was he arrested? What service did he perform 
in favor of the Pueblo Indians? 83, Tell us the story about Humana and 
Bonilla. What was the end of that expedition? Wlio was Jusepe? 

XXI 

84. Give genealogy of Ouate. What kind of reputation did he have be- 
fore coming to New Mexico? 85. When did he obtain authority to con- 
quer New Mexico? Did he succeed at once? Wliy not? 86. What was 
the result of the disinite? 87. Give the date and place of his journey of 
conquest. How many persons did he bring? How many Franciscans? 
Name some of the priests and officers. 88. When and where did Ofiate take 
possession of New Mexico? Where did he go next? What did he find at 
Puaray? 89. When did he reach the pueblo of Caypa ? What name did 
he give tliat pueblo and why? Where did he establish the first colony? 
What did he do next ? 

XXII 

90. What did Onate do with reference to founding New Mexico's first 
capital? What did he discover in his trip of inspection? What was done 
on his return to the settlement? What was the name given to the first cap- 
ital of New Mexico? Where was it located? 9L Relate all you know 
about the conspiracy of Aguilar. What became of it? Were any of the 
conspirators executed? Where and by whom? 92. What efforts did Oilate 
make to dis'.^over the Gulf of California? How far did he go? Why did 



152 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

he not reach the Gulf? Did he discover mines? Wliere? 93. Make a 
statement regarding the death of Juan Zaldivar. Who else was killed be- 
sides Zaldivar? Wliat happened then? 94. Wliat did Oiiate do upon re- 
ceiving the opinion of the Franciscans? Who did he send in charge of the 
expedition? 

XXIII 

95. On what daj did the expedition start for Aeoma? What was the 
date of their arrival there? 96. What did Vicente Zaldivar do on reaching 
Acoma? What was the result of his efforts? What orders did he give? 
97. Was the pueblo taken by the Spaniards? How was it taken? What 
happened after the fall of Acoma? Wlien and by whom were the first 
schools established? What was taught in them? 

XXIV 

98. What did Ofiate do after the battle with the Acomas? Who were 
his emissaries? What did the Franciscans do? 99. What was the condi- 
tion of the colony at that time? What did the Fathers do with reference 
to Oiiate 's conduct? 100. Did Oiiate go to Quivira? What took place on 
his arrival at Quivira? What was the cause of that battle? Why was the 
battle-ground called El Llano de la Matanza? 

XXV 

101. Why did the Franciscans file charges against Oiiate? What Fathers 
made the charges? 102. What was the result of the charges? Wlien did 
the reenforcemen'ts arrive? Were Ofiate and the Fathers reconciled? 
When? 103. State all about Ofiate 's journey to the Gulf. When did he 
start? When did he reach the Colorado River? How did he name it? 
Wlien did he reach the Gulf and what name did he give the harbor? Wliat 
did he do on his return to the settlement? 104. When did he found Santa 
Fe? What buildings did he erect? Who was his successor? 

XXVI 

105. Up to 1608 how many Indians embraced Christianity? What was 
the Spanish population in 1617? What took place in 1620 between Gov- 
ernor Peralta and Father Peinado? What was the result of their difficulty? 
Who siieceeded Peralta and when? 106. Who was the first regular father 
eommisary? What for, and what year, did Father Benavides go to 
Spain? Give a concise statement of his report to the king. 107. Give 
the names of the successors of Zotylo. Who was governor in 1640? 

XXVII 

108. Give the name of the Franciscans murdered by the Indians in 1632. 
Where and how were they killed? 109. What was the cause of the trouble 
between Governor Rosas and the Franciscans? What was the result of the 
charges made against Rosas? What became of Rosas? 110. Who was 
Rosas 's successor? Name the other governors of New Mexico after Valdez 
to 1660. When did Pefialoza arrive? Why were Mendizabal and Penaloza 
removed? What became of Penaloza after he went to Mexico? What did 
he do in Europe? 111. Give the names of the other governors from 1664 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 153 

to 1679. What was the condition of the country between 1667 and 1679? 
What happened in 1672? What did the Apaches do in 1676? Wlio was 
Father Ayeta? What did he do to bring relief to the Spaniards? Did he 
accomplish his object? Why not? 

XXVTII 

112. When was the conspiracy finally hatched? Who was the leader of 
the Insurrection? What was the date fixed for the opening of hostilities? 
113. Give the names of the Indian governors who advised Otermin of the 
seditious movement. When was it that Otermin found out that Ye and 
Jaea had told him the truth? 114. When did the rebellion break out? De- 
scribe the assault on Santa Fe, giving date and result of first battle. How 
many days did it last? 115. What was Pope's ultimatum to Otermin? 
116. When was the last battle fought? What was the result? Give a de- 
scription of that battle and of the manner in which the Spaniards effected 
their escape. What did Otermin find on his road? Name the priests whose 
bodies were so found. What did he do with the bodies? What effect did 
that revolt have on New Mexico? 

XXIX 

117. Did Otermin make another effort to reconquer New Mexico? Why 
did he resolve to quit? Who succeeded him? 118. Who was Domingo 
Gironza Petriz de Cruzat ? How many times did he come into New Mexico ? 
Give the years he was governor. Did he succeed in effecting the reconquest 
of the country? Who succeeded him? How long did Pedro Eenaros de 
Posadas remain as governor? Did he come to New Mexico? What did 
he do? Who was his successor? How was Cruzat met by the Indians in 
1689? Did he give the Indians battle? What was the result of the battle? 

XXX 

119. Wliat brought about De Vargas' appointment? What do we owe 
De Vargas? 120. Give the dates of Cajitain Madrid and De Vargas' start. 
What did De Vargas do when he reached the Mexia ranch? Who were the 
priests that accomjianied De Vargas? 121. Describe De Vargas' journey 
from Cochiti to Santa Fe. When did he reach Santa Fe? 122. What hap- 
pened at Santa Fe on the 13th of September? What great event occurred 
the next day? Eecite De Vargas' words used in taking possession of Santa 
Fe. Describe the occurrence. After retaking Santa Fe what happened? 

XXXI 

123. What occupied De Vargas' attention after the taking of Santa 
Fe? -Who was Don Luis Tupati\? What brought him to Santa Fe? Of 
what service was he to the Spaniards? 124. Where did De Vargas go first? 
From Pecos where did he go? Wlio accompanied him? 125. What other 
pueblos did De Vargas visit when he left Santa Fe October 17th? Who 
was Lorenzo Tupatu? How many warriors did the Tupatus furnish De 
Vargas? Wliat took place after the surrender of the Jemez province? 126. 
From the Mexia ranch where did De Vargas go? Who went with him? 
What happened at Agnatubi? Wliat became of the Tupatus and their war- 
riors after the surrender of the Moquis? When did De Vargas reach El 



154 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

Paso? How many miles did the Spaniards travel from August 21 to De- 
cember 20, 1G92? 

XXXII 

127. What was De Vargas' first act after reaching El Paso? How was 
his report received by the viceroy? Of how many persons was the caravan 
compcssd? 128. What day did De Vargas and his people leave El Paso? 
How many Franciscan Fathers were in the party? Name some of them. 
129. What was the result of the sufl'ering experienced by the caravan? 
How^ were they saved? loO. On what day did the Spaniards reach Santa 
Fe? When did De Vargas take possession of the village? Describe the 
act of possession. What did De Vargas do next? 

XXXIII 

131. Who discovered the conspiracy? What Indians were involved in 
it? Who, besides Ye, told De Vargas of the conspiracy? Wliat did De 
Vargas do after his blind Indian friend had told him about the conspiracy? 
Did any of the Indians remain loyal to the Spaniards? From what pueblo 
were they, and who was their leader ? 132. When did De Vargas lay s'ege 
to Santa Fe? Who was the leader of the traitorous Indians? Why was he 
called Bolsas? What did Father de San Antonio do before the assault? 
How did Ye and his warriors behave during the fight? Describe tlie battle 
of the 29th of December. What year was it? What happened at daylight, 
December 30th ? Who was the first Spaniard to set foot within the walls ? 
What followed? 133. What did De Vargas do after his victory? WHiat 
Indians remained hostile to the Spaniards? Where did the Spaniards fight 
them? What was the result of the Mesa Prieta siege? How long did the 
siege last? 

XXXIV 

134. What was De Vargas' next move on his return to Santa Fe? 
Where did he go after sending his embassy to the Apaches? What pueblos 
were at war? 135. AVhere did the battle of Cieneguilla take place? What 
was the result? Where and when was the next battle fought? How did it 
end? 136. How were the remains of Father Juan de Jesus discovered? 
What was done with the remains? When was that? 137. When did the 
refounding of the colonies take place? Which was the first place repeopled, 
and under whose charge? 138. What did De Vargas do in November, 1695? 
What happened in June of the next year? Who was De Vargas' successor? 
When did Cnbero assume charge of the government? What did he do to 
De Vargas? What did De Vargas do after the sentence? What was the 
outcome of the trial? 

XXXV 

139. What was Cubero's first official act? What was New Mexico's 
Spanish population then? What brought about the famine? What did 
Cubero do to remedy the sad situation? 140. What happened in 1698? 
Why did the French invade the land of the Navajoes? What was the re- 
sult of their invasion? When were Cubero and San Jose de la Laguna 
founded by Cubero? Are these two pueblos still existing? 141. When did 
Cubero's administration end? Who .was his successor? When did De 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 155 

Vargas arrive in Santa Fe? Where was Cubero then? 142. What hajj- 
pened to the accusers of De Vargas? What did De Vargas do next? Where 
did he die"? What instructions did he leave in his will and testament? 
Who. was his successor? 

XXXVI 

143. When did Cuervo y Valdez become governor? What did he accom- 
plish the first year of his administration? 144. By whom and when was 
Alburquerque founded? Why was it given the name of San Felipe de Al- 
burquerque? Who, and when, succeeded Valdez? 14.5. What was Villaseiior 's 
full name and title? Wliat great battle did he fight in 1709? What good 
came out of that battle? What improvement did he make to the Chapel 
of San Miguel? Did he leave us any record of it? In what manner did he 
leave that record? What did he do with reference to repeopling deserted 
pueblos? When and why was he removed from office? Who succeeded him? 
What year? 146. When did Mogollon assume his official duties? What 
great battle did he fight during his term of office? What town was found- 
ed by him? When and where? Why did he punish the Acomas and Nava- 
joes? Why did he resign? 

XXXVII 

147. Who was Felix Martinez? How did he become governor of Xew 
Mexico? What kind of governor did he make? What did he do to Mogol- 
lon? What battles did he fight? 148. What captain fought the Yute 
Indians at Cerro San Antonio? Where is the Cerro San Antonio? Wliat 
was the result of the battle? 149. Who was Martinez's successor? Did 
Martinez recognize Cosio's authority? What then happened to Martinez? 
Whom did he take with him to Mexico? In whose charge did Martinez 
leave the government? Did Cosio finally take charge of the government? 
When and under what circumstances? Who was Juan Estrado y Austria? 
What offices did he fill in New Mexico? 150. When and by v>hose authority 
were the first public schools established in New Mexico? Describe the man- 
ner in which these schools were established. What was the teachers' pay? 
When did Estrado y Austria reach Santa Fe? In what ca])acity did he 
come? Until what time did he act as governor? Who succeeded him? 1.51. 
Who was Bustamante's successor? What took place between 17.30 and 
1731? Why did not the Jesuit missionaries remain in Moqui? Why was 
Bustamante removed from office? Who was G-ougora's successor? What 
happened during the administrations of Gongora and Michalena? 

XXXIII 

152. What years did Mendoza's term cover? What occurred during 
his administration? Where did D'Alay settle? What became of Marie? 
What was the Spanish population of New Mexico in 1742? Does that 
number include the soldiers? How many villages were there then in New- 
Mexico ? What missionaries visited New Mexico in 1745? Why did they 
leave New Mexico? Who succeeded Mendoza? Who succeeded Eabal? 
What did Capuchin recover from the Comanche Indians? 153. Who suc- 
ceeded Capuchin? What years did Del Valle's government cover? Why 
was his government a failure? What bishop visited New Mexico in 1760? 
Who was Mateo Antonio de Mendoza? When did Urrizola arrive? Who 



156 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

sneeeeded him? "When did Capnehiii again become governor? 154. What 
did Capuchin accomplish during his last term of office? Who was his suc- 
cessor? 

XXXIX 

155. Give the dates of Mendinueta 's term of office. What unusual 
occurrences characterized his administration in 1767? What other great 
achievements does history record in his favor after the flood? 156. When 
did he execute his jjeace treaty with the Comanches? What facts did he 
mention in his report to the viceroy in 1772? 157. Who discovered the 
salt lake? When and under whose orders? Why did Fathers Esealante 
and Dominguez return from Salt Lake? 158. Why did Mendinueta quit 
his office before his time had expired? Who did he leave in charge of New 
Mexico? Who was Mendinueta 's successor? Who was Anza 's successor? 
Wlio succeeded de La Concha? Who fought Cuerno Verde? When and 
where? What was the result of that battle? Did De la Concha accom- 
plish anything? Give the date of his administration. 

XL 

159. How did Chacon's government aifect New Mexico? When was 
commercial trade with the United States started? Who was the first 
North American merchant to visit New Mexico? What became of Lalande? 

160. When did Pursley and Pike come to New Mexico? State the eir- 
cmnstances under which they came, respectively? What became of them? 

161. Who was Pedro Bautista Pino? When was he elected delegate to 
Spain? Who was governor of New Mexico then? Describe the manner in 
which his election was brought about. What book did he publish in Spain? 
What else did he do there? 162. Who was McKnight? When did he come 
to New Mexico? What was his business? Wlio followed him the next 
year? What object did Glen and Becknell have in coming to New Mexico? 
Who followed Becknell? What was the result of these expeditions of 
American merchants? 

XLI 

163. Who was the last governor of New Mexico under the Spanish 
regime? When did the Spanish rule end? What had been its duration 
in New Mexico? 164. What was Mexico's form of government after its 
independence? Who was Mexico's emperor? 165. When did Mexico be- 
come a republic? Who was its first president? How did these changes 
affect New Mexico? What was the condition of the foreign (American) 
population in New Mexico in 1827? Name the three Americans who after- 
wards became prominent in New Mexico 's history. When and by whom 
were the mining placers discovered in Santa Fe County? What was the 
name given to the new discovery? When was the first Assembly established 
in New Mexico? What important law did it pass at its first session? 166. 
Name some of the persons who acted as governors from 1828 to 1846. 
When did Bishop Zubiria make his last official visit to New Mexico? When 
and by whom was the first newspaper published in New Mexico? What 
was, its title? What year was New Mexico's form of government changed, 
and how? Wliat was the name given its Assembly then? What were then 
the conditions of New Mexico's trade? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 157 

XLII 

167. Who sueeeeded Governor Sarracinof "When did Perez take charge 
of the government? What became of Governor Perez? When and by 
whom was he assassinated? What brought about that rebellion? 168. 
Who was Jose Gonzales? Who made him governor? What took place at 
Tome? What did Armijo do after he was made commandant? 169. Who 
were the four leaders executed by Armijo? Where, and when, were they 
executed? What effect did the execution of these rebel leaders have on 
the rebellion? What reward did Armijo receive for his loyalty and pa- 
triotism? 

XLIII 

170. When was the American consulate established in New Mexico? 
^Vlio was named American consul? What was Alvarez's nationality? 
What about the creation, at Santa Fe, of a United States commercial 
agency? 171. When was the first Texan invasion made? Who was at 
its head? How many men were in that expedition? Wliat was the result? 
What became of McLeod and his men? What do you think of Annijo's 
conduct in capturing the Texans? What was the treatment he gave them? 
Wlio was John McDaniel? What was the result of his raid? Who was the 
next bandit from Texas? What did Wordfield accomplish? Who was 
Snively? What success did he have? What became of him? Wlio was 
Captain Cook? Why was he stationed at Fort Bent? 

XLIV 

172. Wlio was Mariano Martinez de Lejanza? What happened to him 
in 1844? What Indians made the assault? How was he saved? 173. 
When was the last election held under Mexican authority? What officials 
were elected? 174. What circumstances made the change of governments 
inevitable? What was the military situation in New Mexico at that time? 
Wliat efforts did Armijo make to organize an army? What did he do on 
the city council's refusal to assist him? 

XLV 

17.5. What were the causes that provoked the war with Mexico? When, 
from where, and under what officer, did the American army of invasion 
start? What was the strength of the army? Who was Emory? Who was 
Doniphan? Who was Sterling Price? 176. What did Kearny do at Fort 
Bent? When did the American army reach Las Vegas? Describe the man- 
ner of Kearny 's act of possession. 177. Where did Kearny go from 
Las Vegas? Did Armijo oppose his march to Santa Fe? Where were 
Armijo and his men when Kearny reached Caiion del Apache? What did 
Kearny do next? At what time did he reach Santa Fe? At what time 
and hour and in what name did Kearny take possession of Santa Fe? Who 
was Juan Bautista Vigil? 

XLVI 

178. On what date did Kearny proclaim New Mexico 's annexation in 
Santa Fe? WTiat promises did he make to the people? 179. Wlien did 
Kearny appoint the first Territorial officials? Whom did he appoint as 



158 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

governor? Name the other officials appointed by General Kearny. What 
else did he do, besides making these appointments? 180. When did Kearny 
leave for California? What instructions did he leave 'or Doniphan and 
Price? Where did General Kearny meet Kit Carson? W^here was Carson 
going, and on whose orders? What did Kearny do with Carson? When 
did Doniphan leave for Mexico? Where did he meet the Mexican army? 
What was the result of the Battle of Brazito? 

XLVII 

181. What happened after Kearny and Doniphan's departure? Give the 
names of the chief conspirators. What towns were involved in the conspir- 
acy? What day was originally set to strike the blow? 182. What did 
Governor Charles Bent do upon discovering the conspiracy? What became 
of him at Taos? Who else were murdered at Taos? When was that? 
Wlio gave shelter to Lee and the American families in Taos? Name those 
murdered at Arroyo Hondo? Name those killed at Mora. 183. What did 
Price and St. Vrain do upon learning of the massacre? What battles were 
fought between Santa Fe and Taos? What was the result of these two 
battles? When did Price reach Taos? How did he find the enemy? What 
kind of reception did the enemy give Price? What was the result of the 
battle? When was New Mexico formally ceded by Mexico to the United 
States? What effect did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo have on the 
citizens of New Mexico? 

XLIII 

184. When did the first legislature under -American government meet? 
Under whose authority did it meet? Name some of its members. IS.l. 
When did the first convention meet in Santa Fe? Who was then the civil 
governor? Name some of the members of that convention. 186. What 
was done by the convention? On what day was the Memorial adopted? 
Give the sulastance of the Memorial. By whom was it signed? 

XLIX 

187. When did the second convention meet? What did it do? What was 
the result of Smith's election? 188. When did the first constitutional 
convention meet? What was the result of its labors? When were the State 
officials under that constitution elected? 189. When did this first unau- 
thorized State legislature meet? Who were selected as United States sen- 
ators? Why did the whole affair fail? 



190. What year was New Mexico admitted as a Territory of the United 
States of America? What other Territory was then admitted? What 
about California? Who were New Mexico's first oflScials appointed and 
e'ected under the Organic Act? 191. When was the first election held un- 
der the Organic Act? What officials were then elected? When did the 
first Territorial legislature meet? Who were its presiding officers? 192. 
What did the people of New Mexico do after the Territory had been offi- 
cially organized? Did they overlook their right to be admitted as a State 
of tiie Union? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 159 

LI 

193. Who was governor of New Mexico in 1853? Wliat did Lane do 
witli reference to the Mesilla Valley? What was the outcome of Lane's 
action? What was the date of his proclamation? 194. What treaty re- 
sulted? How much did the United States pay for the strip of land? When 
was the treaty signed? 

LII 

195. What was the condition of agriculture in Pino's time. 1812? What 
was the condition in 1912? Give the number of farms in 1912. Give the 
number of acres at that time. Give the value of farms in 1912. 196. De- 
scribe the condition of stock raising in New Mexico in 1827. What was 
the condition in 1912? Give the number of cattle, horses, and sheep in 
1912-13. 197, Give the boundaries of New Mexico in 1812. What are 
tlie present boundaries? 

LIII 

198. When did the Civil War break out? How long did it last? How 
many soldiers did New Mexico furnish the government? Name some of tl;e 
New Mexican officers who served with distinction in that war? What was 
Kit Carson's record as a colonel? 199. When were the Navajoes subdued? 
When were the Apaches compelled to surrender? What was the amount spent 
by the United States government in these Indian wars? Who was Geronimo? 
Who captured him? 200. When was the Spanish-American war declared? 
What brought about that war? When did it end? And what was the re- 
sult? 

LIV 

201. Which was the only church existing in New Mexico at the time of 
the American Occupation? What Protestant denomination was the first to 
come to New Mexico? What was the name of its minister? 202. Who 
was New Mexico's first Catholic bishop under the American government? 
Name Archbishop Lamy's successors to date? Where did Archbishop Cha- 
pelle die? What was the cause of his death? How many parishes has the 
Catholic church in New Mexico? 203. How many religious communities? 
What is the Catholic population of New Mexico? 204. Wliat other denom- 
inations are there in New Mexico? Give the membership of some of tl^ese 
denominations. Have these denominations any mission schools in New Mex- 
ico? How many such schools have they in Santa Fe? 

LV 

205. What is the present condition of the Pueblo Indians with reference 
to their status v.hen seen and conquered by the Spaniards? Have we today 
tiie same nuumber of pueblos in existence as at the time of the conquest? 
Name the pueblos existing now. 206. Name the savage tribes of New Mexi- 
co. Under whose care, are these tribes? What is their occupation? 207. 
When and by whom were the first mines discovered in New Mexico? In 
vvhat counties are copper, silver, and gold found? What was the output of 
copper up to the year 1897? From 1897 to 1912 what was the output of that 
mineral? Give the value of the silver output. Also of zinc. \Vliat is the 
official report regarding the»coal tonnage in New Mexico? 



160 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 

LVI 

208. When and by whom was instruction first imparted to the Indians in 
New Mexico? When did the Friars Niza. Beltran, Eodrignez, Lopez, and 
Juan de Santa Maria commence to instruct the Indians of New Mexico? 
209. When and by whom was the first public school in New Mexico estab- 
lished? How were the teachers paid? 210. What other schools were estab- 
lished in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, and by whom? What 
were the cash salaries paid to the teachers of the public schools? 211. 
When was the first public school school law of New Mexico passed? What 
other laws did the Provincial Assembly pass between 1822 and 1826. 212. 
Were there any private colleges established in New Mexico in 1826? By 
whom and where? 

LVII 

21.3. How many public schools were there in New Mexico at the time of 
the annexation? How was the fact that there was but one public school in 
New Mexico at that time made known? 214. Who established the first two 
English schools in New Mexico? At what date? 215. Who brought the 
Sisters of Loretto to New Mexico? When did they open their school? Who 
was the first mother? 216. Where did the Christian Brothers come from? 
Who went to France to bring them? When did they arrive in Santa Fe? 
When did they open the college? 217. What other schools has the Catholic 
church in New Mexico? Under whose care are these schools? What other 
private schools are there in New Mexico besides those of the Catholic church? 

LVIII 

218. When was the first public school law under the United States govern- 
ment passed by the New Mexican legislature? In whose hands were edu- 
cational matters placed by that law? In whose hands are State educational 
matters at the present time? 219. Who is the officer in charge of the man- 
agement of public instruction in the State? What officers are in charge 
of educational matters in counties and school districts? In whose charge are 
the public schools in incorporated cities and villages? 220. Wliat was the 
school population of New Mexico in 1910? What is the total attendance or 
enrollment in the public schools? To what other schools do the rest of the 
children go? What is the amount of State school funds collected from 
taxes? How is that amount apportioned? 221. What other income, for 
school purposes, has the State? How is that money distributed? 222. How 
many pupils attend the private and denominational schools? 223. Name all 
the State educational institutions. What other funds are received for 
educational purposes? How are these funds ajiportioned? 

LVIX 

224 Nfame the penal and other public institutions mentioned in this 
chapter. Give in round numbers the amounts assigned to each of these in- 
stitutions from the public treasury. 22.5. How many Spaniards were there 
in New Mexico in 1697? How many Spaniards and how many Indians in 
1750? And how many of each race, Spaniards and Indians, in 1789? What 
was the total population in 1827? What in 1840? 226. What was the 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 161 

population by counties in 1850 f What was it in 18601 What in 18701 
What in 1880? What in 1890? Wliat in 1910? What was the Pueblo 
Indian population in 1910? What was the population at that time, of 
Navajoes? What of Apaches? 

LX 

227. Give the total value of importations up to 1804. When did New 
Mexico's commercial relations with the United States begin? Who were 
the first American merchants that came to New Mexico? 228. How was 
commerce carried on up to the year 1822? When were wagons first used? 
By whom? 229. What prompted both governments to use escorts in pro- 
tecting the caravans? When were escorts first used, and through whose 
efforts? State the manner in which these military escorts were used. 

LXI 

230. What was the number of wagons employed from 1825 to 1843? 
Give, as near as you can, the number employed each year between those 
dates. Give the value of merchandise so brought into New Mexico in 1825, 
in 1830, in 1840, and in 1843, respectively. 231. Why is it that an ac- 
count was kept of merchandise brought into New Mexico up to 1846? 
Why has it not been kept since. 232. When did the first railroad reach 
New Mexico? What line was that? What effect did the coming of rail- 
roads have on New Mexico? How many railroad lines had New Mexico in 
1914? How many miles of telegraph and telephone lines? 

LXII 

233. How many legal companies .and corporations were there in New 
Mexico up to 1910? Name some of said corporations and companies. 234. 
How many national banks were there in New Mexico in 1910? How many 
territorial banks? What amount of money did these banks, in the aggre- 
gate, represent? 235. Wliat do the official reports show regardnig the 
value of real estate subject to taxation up to 1881, and since that year? 

LXIII 

236. Wlien, and by whom was the New Mexico Historical Society found- 
ed? When and on what account, did it cease to act? When was it 
reorganized? What is its object? 237. When was the Archaeological So- 
ciety organized in New Mexico? By whom? What are its objects? What 
amount does this society receive from the public treasury of New Mexico 
each year? For what purpose is that allowance made? 238. Name the 
first newspaper published in New Mexico. Where and by Avhom was it 
published? Wlien and by whom was the first printing press brought into 
New Mexico? What other things did Father Martinez publish? 239. Wlien 
and where was the end of the Santa Fe trail dedicated? What marks the 
end of this trail? Where is that monument? How long did it take pas- 
sengers coming by the overland coach, to make the trip from Kansas City 
to Santa Fe? What was the fare charged? How much was each pas- 
senger allowed in baggage? What were the charges for caiTying money? 



162 HISTORY OP NEW MEXICO 

LXIV 

240. Why were the Spanish and Mexican governments so generous in 
giving land grants? What was provided by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 
with reference to these grants? When was the office of surveyor-general 
for New Mexico created? What was the total area of New Mexico as 
found by the surveyor-general? Of that number what was found to belong 
to private individuals? For what purpose was the court of private land 
claims created? What was the result of its labors? 241. State the system 
of government given to New Mexico by Spain. 242. Give the system of 
government of New Mexico under Mexican rule. 243. What was New 
Mexico's form of government from 1846 to 1851? What under the United 
States? 244. How was justice administered under the Territorial form of 
government? Give the form of county and precinct governments. 24.5. How 
is New Mexico divided for political purposes? Into how many districts 
is New Mexico divided for judicial purposes? 

LXV 

246. When was the struggle for statehood commenced? Make a state- 
ment of the struggle from 1846 to 1912. 247. Through whose eiforts was 
the last enabling act passed? When was that? When and where was the 
last statehood convention held? Who were its principal officers? Was 
the constitution adopted by that convention approved by the people? By 
what majority? 248. What was done next? Give an account of the 
fight made in Congress against the constitution. What was the ultimate 
result? 249. What had the blue ballot to do witii our constitution? When 
was the election held for State officers? Was the blue ballot submitted 
to the voters at the same time? Name some of the State officers elected 
and by what plurality? Was the blue ballot adopted? By what majority? 

LXVI 

250. When did President Taft issue his proclamation admitting New 
Mexico? When did the two representatives take their seats? Who were 
they? 251. When was the State government organized? 252. When and 
where did the first State legislature meet? "What was its membership? 
Give the names of the presiding officers. What did the legislature do March 
27, 1912? Who were the senators elected? When did these senators take 
their seats in the United States Senate? 253. What do you understand 
by the Eoca del Moro? What inscriptions are found engraved on that 
rock? 



Appendix 



APPENDIX 

GOVERNORS OF NEW MEXICO UNDER THE THREE 
GOVERNMENTS— 1598-1912 



List of Governors of New Mexico under Spain — 1598-1822 



Onate 


1598-1608 


Chacon Medina Salavai 


y 


Peralta .... 


1609-1620 


Villasefior, Marquez 


of 


Zotylo ..... 


1621-1629 


La Peiiuela . 


1707-1712 


De Silva .... 


1630-16.39 


Flores Mogol'.on 


1712-1715 


De Eosas (assassinated 




Martinez and Hurtado 


1715-1718 


1642) .... 


1640-1642 


Velarde y Cocio 


1718-1721 


ArgiieHo .... 


1642 


Estrado y Austria and 


De 


Vaklez .... 


1643 


Bustamante . 


1722-1731 


De Heredia . 


1644 


Cruzat Gongora 


1731-1736 


Argiiello, again 


164.5-1649 


De Glavide y Micha'ena 


1736-17.39 


De Guzman, Ugarte, and 




Domingo de Mendoza 


1739-1743 


La Concha . 


1650-1652 


Codallos y Rabal . 


1743-1749 


Avila y Pat-heco, Sama- 




Vel'ez Capuchin 


1749-1754 


niego .... 


1653 


Martin del Valle and 


De 


IMendizabal . . . 


16.53-1660 


Mendoza (ad interim 


to- 


Pefialoza .... 


1661-1664 


wards end 1760) 


17.54-1760 


Yillanneva, Medrauo, and 




Portillo Urriola . . 


1761-1762 


Miranda 


1665-1679 


Vellez Capuchin (reappo 


nt- 


Trevino .... 


1679 


ed) 


1762-1767 


Oterniin (expelled in 




Fermin de Mendinueta 


1767-1777 


IfiSO) .... 


1679-1683 


Trevol (acting) 


1778 


Jironza de Cruzat 


1683-1686 


Bautista de Anza . 


1778-1789 


De Posada and De Cruzat 


De la Concha . 


1789-1794 


(reappointed) 


1687-1691 


Chacon .... 


1794-1805 


De Vargas 


1692-1696 


Del Eeal Alencaster . 


1805-1808 


Rodriguez de Cubero . 


1696-1703 


Mainez — ad interim 


1808 


De Vargas (reappointed 




Manrifjue . . . '. 


1808-1814 


—death of) . . 


1703-1704 


Mainez .... 


1815-1817 


Hurtado (named by De 


Allande .... 


1818 


Vargas, as his succes- 


Melgares (last Spanish 


sor) 


1704-1705 


governor) 


1818-1822 


Cuervo y Valdez 


1705-1707 







170 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



List of Governors of New Mexico under the Mexican 
Government— 1822-1846 



Xavier Chavez and Viscarra 

(ad interim) in 1822) 1822-1823 

Viscarra .... 1823 

Baca 1823-1825 

Narbona, Armijo, and Vis- 
carra (ad interim) . 1825-1827 

Chavez .... 1828-1831 

Abreu 1831-1833 

Sarracino, with Ortiz and 

Chavez (ad interim) 1833-1834 



Perez ..... 1835-1837 

Mimoz and Gonzales (rev- 
olutionary governor) 1837-1838 

Armijo .... 1838-184:4 

Martinez de Lejanza (ad 

iiiterivi) . . . 1844-1845 

Armijo and Bautista Vigil 
(ad interim') continuing 
from August 18 to Sep- 
tember 22, 1846) . 1845-1846 



List of Governors under the U. S. Government — 1846-1912 



Under military government : 

S. W. Kearny, August 19 

to September 22 . 1846 

Chas. Bent . . . 1846-1847 

Donaciano Vigil . . 1847-1848 

J. M. Washington . . 1848-1849 

John Monroe . . . 1849-1850 

Under Organic Act: 
James S. Calhoun . 1851-1852 
John Greiner, secretary of 
the Territory (ad in- 
terim) .... 1852 
William Car Lane . 1852- 
Davis Meriwether . . 1853 
Abraham Eencher . . 1857 
Henry Connelly . . 1861- 
Robert B. Mitchell . 1866 
William A. Pile . . 1869 
Marsch Giddings . . 1871- 
William G. Eitch (secretary 
of government (ad inter- 
im) 1875 

Samuel B. Axtell . . 1875 
Lew Wallace . . . 1878 



1853 
1857 
1861 
1866 
1869 
1871 
1875 



1878 
1881 



1S81 


1885 ; . 


1885 


1889 


1889 


1893 


1893 


1897 


1897 


1906 


1906 


1907 



Ijionel A. Sheldon . 

Edmund G. Boss . 

L. Bradford Prince . 

William T. Thornton 

Miguel A. Otero, Jr. . 

Hebert J. Hagerman . 

James W. Raynolds (sec- 
retary of government ad 
interim) . . . 1907 

George Curry . . . 1907-1910 

W. J. Mills . . . 1910-1911 
who was succeeded by 
Wm. C. McDonald, first 
State governor, .Januarv 
15, 1912 

Ezequiel C. de Baca (lieu- 
tenant-governor) ad in- 
terint a short time in 
1913, McDonald being in- 
capacitated by sickness. 
In February, 1914, Eze- 
quiel C. de Baca, ad in- 
terim, Governor McDon- 
ald being absent from 
the State 



W 



I 



CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT 



Joab B. Houghton (ap 




S. B. Axtell . 






pointed by General Keai 




W. Vincent 






ny) . . . 




1846 


E. V. Long . 






Grafton Baker 




1851 


James 'Brien 






J. J. Davenport 




1858 


Thos. J. Smith 






Kirbv Benedict 




1858 


Wm. J. Mil's . 






John" P. Slough 




1866 


W. H. Pope . 






John S. Watts 




1868 


(last under 


Territorial 


Joseph G. Palen 




1868 


government) 




Henry L. Waldo 




1876 


Clarence J. Roberts (first 


Chas. McCandless 




1878 


State chief 


justice). 


L. Bradford Prince 




1879 


elected Novem 


ber 7 ,1911 



1882 
1885 
1885 
1889 
1893 
1898 
1910-1911 



LIST OF MEMBERS OF STATEHOOD CONVENTION, 
1910 



Francis E. Wood, Herbert F. 
Eaynolds, Nestor Montoya, E. S. 
Stover, A. A. Sedillo, M. L. Stern, 
Anastacio Gutierrez, H. B. Fergus- 
son, Green B. Patterson, G. A. Eich- 
ardson, John I. Hinkle, Emmett Pat- 
ten, 0. J. Roberts, Norman Bartlett, 
Geo. Brown, T. H. O'Brien, Chas. 
Springer, Francisco Gauna, T. J. 
Mabry, J. W. Cliilders, Frank W. 
Parker, Isidoro Armijo, W. E. Gar- 
rison, C. E. Miller, M. P. Skeen, G. 
R. Brice, W. D. Murray, A. H. Harl- 
lee, J. B. Gilerist, W. B. Walton, 
J. G. Clancy, Raymond Harrison, 
Salome Martinez, Tranquilino La- 
badie, John Capping, J. J. Aragon, 
A. H. Hudspeth, J. N. Upton, George 
Page, Juan Navarro, Daniel Cassi- 
dy, Anastacio Medina, Emanuel Lu- 
cero, Fred S. Brown, A. B. Fall, J. 
A. Lawson, George E. Moffett, Reed 



Holloman, Charles Kohn, C. F. Sax 
son, J. L. House, C. C. Davis, T. D 
Burns, V. Jaramillo, J. A. Lueero 
Perfeeto Esquivel, Samuel Eldot, J 
H. Crist, W. E. Lindssy, James Hall 
Alejandro Sandoval, Epimeneo Mi 
era, R. W. Hefliu, M. D. Taylor, C 
M. Crampton, J. M. Cunningham 
H. W. Kelly, S. B. Davis, A. Roy 
bal, Luciano Maes, C. A, Spies, E 
Romero, Margarito Romero, N. Se 
gura. T. B. Catron, J. D. Sena, G 
W. Prichard, B. F. Pankey, V. Or 
tega, F. H. Winston, E. D. Titman 
A. Abeytia F. Romero, H. O. Burs 
sum, H. M. Dougherty, O. G. Mar- 
tinez, W. Mcintosh, A. B. Maedon- 
ald, Acasio Gallegos, E. Gallegos, C. 
C. Vigil, F. C. Fields, G. W. Baker, 
Salomon Luna, J. Becker, Silvestre 
Miraval 



MEMBERS OF THE FIRST STATE LEGISLATURE, 1912 



John S. Clark, East Las Vegas, Be- 
publican 

Juan Navarro, Mora, Republican 

Louis C. Ilfeld, Las Vegas, Republi- 
can 

Thomas D. Burns, Tierra Amarilla, 
Republican 

Joseph F. Sulzer, Albuquerque, 
Progressive Republican 

Epimenio A. Miera, Cuba, Republi- 
can 

Isaac Barth, Alburquerque, Demo- 
crat 

E. C. Crampton, Raton, Republican 

Eugenio B. Gallegos, Clayton, Re- 
publican 

Benjamin F. Pankey, Lamy, Repub- 
lican 

Squire Hartt, Jr., Ranchos of Taos, 
Republican 



Boleslo Romero, Los Lunas, Repub- 
lican 
Charles J. Laughren, Republican 
Albino Romero, San Marcial, Pro- 
gressive Republican 
William M. McCoy, Mountainair, Re- 
publican 
Herbert B. Holt, Las Cruces, Repub- 
lican 
George Page, Gallup, Republican 
John M. Bowman, Alamogordo, Re- 
publican 
James F. Hinkle, Roswell, Democrat 
Fred F. Doepp, Carlsbad, Democrat 
A. J. Evans, Portales, Democrat 
C. H. Alldredge, Tucumcari, Demo- 
crat 
T. J. Mabry, Clovis, Democrat 
W. B. Walton, Silver City, Democrat 



REPRESENTATIVES 



Zaearias Padilla. Los Lnnas, Repub- 
lican 

Miguel E. Baca, Los Lunas, Repub- 
lican 

Conrad N. Hilton, San Antonio, Re- 
publican 

Thomas F. Cooney, Mogollon, Re- 
publican 

Tomas A. Gurule, Albuquerque, Dem- 
ocrat 

John Barron Burg. Albuquerque, 
Democrat 

Rafael Garcia, Albuquerque, Dem- 
ocrat 

Roman L. Baca, Santa Fe, Repub- 
lican 

Cliarles C. Catron, Santa Fe, R-epub- 
lican 



Julian Trujillo, Chimayo, Republi- 
can 
J. P. Lucero, Lumberton, Republi- 
can 
George W. Tripp, East Las Vegas, 

Republican 
Jose Lobato, Tecolote, Republican 
Francisco Quintana, Las Vegas, Re- 
publican 
Bias Sanchez, Wagon Mound, Re- 
publican 
Remigio Lopez, Roy, Democrat 
J. R. Skidmore, Raton, Republican 
M. C. Martinez, Raton, Democrat 
Manuel Cordova, Taos, Republican 
Luis R. Montoya, Taos, Republican 
Marcos C de Baca, Bernalillo, Pro- 
gressive Republican 



174 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



O. T. Toombs, Clayton, Republican 
J. D. Casados, Clapham, Democrat 
James W. Chavez, Willard, Eepubli- 

can 
Juan J. Clancy, Puerto de Luna, 

Republican 
John Young, Gallup, Republican 
Duncan McGillvray, Crown Point, 

Republican 
W. H. H. Llewellyn, Las Cruces, Re- 
publican 
Presiliano Moreno, Las Cruces, Re- 
publican 
James V. TuUy^ Glencoe, Republican 
Charles P. Downs, Alamogordo, Re- 
publican 
J. W. Mullens, Roswell, Democrat 
J. T. Evans, Roswell, Democrat 
W. E. Rogers, Roswell, Democrat 
Hugh M. Gage, Carlsbad, Democrat 



Florence Love, Loving, Democrat 
P. E. Carter, Portales, Democrat 
A. S. Goodell, Silver City, Democrat 
Robert H. Boulwaere, Silver City, 

Democrat 
George H. Tucker, Hillsboro, Dem- 
ocrat 
W. H. Chrisman, Aztec, Republican 
J. W. Campbell, Tucumcari, Demo- 
crat 
J. L. House, House, Democrat 
Antonio D. Vargas, Ojo Caliente, Re- 
publican 
Tranquilino Labadie, Santa Rosa, 

Republican 
Manuel P. Manzanares, Fort Sum- 
ner, Republican 
W. E. Blanehard, Arabella, Repub- 
lican 
W. W. Nichols, Clovis, Democrat 



DELEGATES IN CONGRESS, 1847-1912 



Messervy and WeJghtman already 

mentioned 
Jose Manuel Gallegos . 1853-1855 
Mignel A. Otero, Sr. . 1856-1861 
John L. Watts . . 1861-1863 
Francisco Perea . . 1863-1865 
J. Franco Chavez . . 1865-1869 
Charles P. Clever . . 1869-1871 
J. Franco Chavez . . 1871 

(contested Clever 's elec- 
tion and was successful) 
Jose Manuel Gallegos . 1871-1873 
Stephens B. Elkins . 1873-1877 



Trinidad Romero . 
Mariano S. Otero . 
Tranquilino Luna . 
F. A. Manzanarez . 
Antonio Joseph 
Thomas B. Catron . 
H. B. Fergusson . 
Pedro Perea . 
Bernard S. Rodey . 
William H. Andrews 
(last delegate under 
Organic Act) 



. 1877-1879 


. 1879-1881 


. 1881-1883 


. 1883-1885 


. 1885-1895 


. 1895-1897 


. 1897-1899 


1899-1901 


. 1901-1905 


. 1905-1911 



the 



i\ 



Index 



INDEX 



Aeomas, visited by Alvarado, '53 ; 
murder Zaldivar, 93 ; refuse to sur- 
render qiurderers, 96; conquered, 
97 

Agi-ieulture, history of, 195 

Aguilar, Captain, heads mutiny, 91 

Alarcon, Hernando de, sails with 
provisions for Coronado's expedi- 
tion, 43 

Alburquerque (now spelled Albu- 
querque), founded by Valdez, 144 

Alburquerque, Duke of, viceroy, no- 
tified of death of De Vargas, 142; 
refuses to honor settlement with 
his name, 144 

Alearaz, Captain Diego de, arrests 
De Vaca and companions, 28 ; at 
Senora, 48 ; returns to Mexico, 48 

Aleman, Juan, governor of Puaray, 
55 

Alvarado, Hernando de, commands 
expedition, 52 ; visits Acoma, 
Puaray, and Cicuye, 53 

Alvarez, Don Manuel, American con- 
sul Santa Fe. 170 

America, first inhabitants, 1, 2 

Americans, first merchants, 159 ; sol- 
diers under Pike arrested, 160; 
first expedition with pack mules, 
162; many newcomers, 165; plan 
to assassinate them, 181 

Annexation accomplished, 178 

Anza, Don Juan Bautista de, battle 
with Comanches in Kansas, 158 

Archuleta, Diego, heads movement 
against Americans, 181 

Argiiello, Fernando de, governor, 
107; reappointed, 110 

Arizona, visited by La Ascencion, 
30; votes against joint statehood, 
246 

Armijo, Don Manuel, mad , com- 



mandant of volunteers, 168; pro- 
claimed governor, 169; captures 
Texas invaders, 171 ; raises army 
to resist U. S. troops, 174; re- 
fuses to surrender to Kearny. 
176; flees before U. S. army, 177 

Arrelano, Tristan de, commands part 
of Coronado 's army, 44 ; founds 
colony of San Geronimo de los 
Corazones, 47; at Tiguex, 54; kills 
500 buffaloes, 62 ; returns with 
army, 62 

Arvide, Father, murdered by Indians, 
108 

Ascencion, Juan de la, discovers Gila 
River, 30 

Assassination, of Gov. Bent and oth- 
ers, 182 

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, 
builds railroad to New Mexico, 232 

Austria, Juan Estrado y, succeeds 
Cosio, 149; investigates differ- 
ences between Martinez and Mo- 
gollon, 1.50 

Ayeta, Father Francisco, goes for 
succor. 111 

Aztecs, visited by Cortes, 9; make 
human sacrifices, 9; origin un- 
known, 9 

Baca, Gov. Bartolome, sends Escu- 
dero to Washington. 229 

Banks and banking, 234 

Beltran, Father, organizes expedi- 
tion, 72; accor.xpanies Espejo, 73; 
returns to Mexico, 77 

Benavides, Fr. Alonzo, reports on 
New Mexico, 106 

Bent, Cliarles, arrives from United 
States, 165 ; first governor under 
Americans, 166; discovers conspir- 
acy 181 ; assassinated, 182 



180 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



Bigotes, Indian from Cicuye, sub- 
mits to Coronado, 52; released 
from prison, 57 

Bill of Eights, extended to New 
Mexico, 178 

Blue ballot, provides easier way for 
amending State constitution, 249 

Bolsas (Pokets), leader of Indian 
conspiracy, 132 ; captured and shot, 
132 

Bonilla, Francisco Leyva, visits 
Gran Quivira, 83; killed by 
Humana, 83 

Boundaries, of New Mexico, 197 

Braziuas, Marquis de, see Vargas, 
Don Diego de 

Brothers, the Christian, see Chris- 
tian Brothers 

Bustamante, Don Juan Domingo de, 
succeeds Austria, 150; conducts il- 
licit trade, 151 

Calhoun, James S., appointed gov- 
ernor, 190 

California, admitted as State, 190 

Cano, Don Ignacio, discovers rich 
mining placers, 165 

Capnchin, Don Tomas Vellez, gover- 
nor, 152 ; reinstated, 153 ; develops 
industries, 154 

Cardenas, Garcia Lopez de. redis- 
covers Colorado River, 51 ; at 
Tiguex, 53 ; burns Indians alive, 
56; wounded, 56 

Carson Kit, arrives from United 
States, 165; goes with Kearny as 
guide, 180; distinguished in war, 
198 

Casas, Bartolonie de las, 12 

Castanada, Pedro de, 44 

Castillo, Alonzo de, 18; survivor of 
expedition of Narvaez, 24; journey 
across continent, 25 

Castillo, Tomas Chavez y, last dele- 
gate under Mexican rule, 173 

Catholic church, under American 
flag, 202 

Catiti, captain in insurrection, 114 

Catron, Thomas Benton, one of first 
IT. S. senators, 252 

Census, first official, 139; under 



Mexican government, 225; under 
U. S., 226 

Cerna, Captain, defeats Indians, 148 

Chacon, Don Fernando, succeeds 
Concha, 158; his government, 159 

Cliamplain, Samuel de, founder of 
Quebec, 16 

Chasmnscado, Captain Francisco San- 
chez, accompanies first mission, 
68; death of, 72 

Chavez, Don Manuel, killed by Mc- 
Daniel expedition, 171 

Chimayo rebellion, 167-169; leaders 
executed, 169 

Christian Brothers, found school for 
boys, 216 

Churches, 201-204 

Cibola, see Seven Cities 

Cieneguilla, battle of, 135 

Columbus, Cliristopher, discovers 
America, 4 

Commerce, under Spanish and Mex- 
ican regimes, 227; under U. S.. 
228; troops protect traders, 229; 
statement of, 230 ; before advent 
of railroads, 231; enhanced by 
railroads, 232 

Congress, nullifies State election, 
189; admits New Mexico as a Ter- 
ritory, 190; rejects statehood, 246; 
passes enabling act, 247; passes J 
statehood bill, 248 1 1 

Conquerors, Oiiate's expedition, 87; 
conquest acknowledged, 102; Span- 
iards driven out by Indians, 112- 
116; expedition of De A^argas, 119 

Convention, to establish Territorial 
government, 185; adopts Memo- 
rial, 186; second convention, 1S7 

Cook, Captain John, captures Snive- 
ly and his men, 171 

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 19; 
heads expedition to New Mexico, 
43; reaches Zuiii, 45; wounded in 
battle, 46; at Tiguex, 32; orders 
Indians killed, 56; visits Tignex 
and releases Bigotes, 57 ; starts for 
Gran Quivira, 58; suffering on tie 
march, 59; arrests Turco, 61; or- 
ders Turco executed and returns to 



INDEX 



181 



Tiguex, 63; reports to the emper- 
or, 65; injured, 66; returns to 
Mexico with army, 67 

Corporations, 233 

Cosio, Captain Antonio Velarde y, 
appointed governor ad interim, 149 

Cubero, Don Pedro Rodriguez de, 
succeeds De Vargas, 138 ; inspects 
province, 139; founds Cubero and 
Laguna, 140; succeeded by De 
Vargas and leaves secretly, 141 

Cuerno Verde (Green Horn), Co- 
manche chief, 158 

Ci'uzat, Gironza Petriz de, succeeds 
Otermiu, 117; expedition to New 
Mexico, 118 

Diaz, Melchor, releases De Vaca and 
companions, 29 ; at Senora, 48 ; ac- 
cidentally killed, 48 

Doniphan Colonel, commands cavalry 
regiment, 175; invades Mexico, ISO 

Dorantes, Andres, 18 ; survivor of 
expedition of Narvaez, 24; journey 
across continent, 25 

Education, 208-223 ; see Schoo's 

El Crepusculo, tirst newspaper, 166 

Election, first State officers, 249 

Escanjaque Indians, battle with 
Spaniards, 100 

Escalon, Father Juan de, arraigns 
Oiiate, 101 

Escalona, Fr. De, killed by Indians, 
67 

Escobar, Father Francisco, accom- 
panies Onate, 103 

Eseudero, Don Manuel Simon, per- 
suades U. S. to protect traders, 
229 

Espejo, Antonio de, 19 

Espejo, Antonio de, 19; heads ex- 
pedition, 72; defeats Jumanos, 74; 
reaches Tiguex, 75; calls New Mex- 
ico Nueva Andalucia, 76; discovers 
rich mines, 77; visits many pueb- 
los, 78 ; returns to Mexico, 79 

Estevanico, a negro, accompanies De 
Vaca, 18; survivor of expedition 
of Narvaez, 24; journey across 
continent, 25; guides Fr. Niza, 35; 



reaches Zufii, 38; killed by In- 
dians, 41 

Fall, Albert B., one of first U. S. 
senators, 252 

Florida, discovered by Ponce de 
Leon, 16 

French, expedition from Louisiana, 
140; first colonists, 152 

Gadsden Treaty, 194 

Gallegos, Jose Manuel, heads move- 
ment against Americans, 181 

Gazette, first English and Spanish 
newspaper, 191 

Geronimo, Indi'^n .chief, captured, 
199 

Gongora, succeeds Bustamante, 157 

Gonzales, Jose, made governor by 
rebels, 168 

Government, under Spanish regime, 
241; under Mexican rule, 242; un- 
der U. S., 243; county, 244; State 
organized, 251 

Governors, list of, 166 

Gran Quivira, described by Turco, 
54; location, 62; visited by Hu- 
mafia and Bonilla, 83; by Oiiate, 
100 

Grayson. Col. J. B., founder Stale 
Historical Society. 236 

Grijalva, Juan de, 7 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty signed, 
183 

Guzman, Nuiio de, receives De Vaca 
and companions kindly, 29 

Historical society, 236 

Humaria, Juan de, visits Gran Qui- 
vira, 83; kil's Bonilla, 83; killed 
by Indians, 83 

Hurtado, Juan Paiz, assumes charge 
on death of De Vargas, 142; left 
in charge by Martinez, 149 

Ibarra, Francisco de, 19 

Ibarra, Don Francisco, heads expedi- 
tion, 68 

Incas, rulers of Peru, 10 

Indians, in Mexico and Peri'i, 3 ; first 
discovery of, 4; origin of name, 5; 
domestic habits, 14; religion, 15; 
origin of, 16; visited by De Vaca, 



182 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



17; came from Asia, 21; expelled 
from their homes, 54; insurrection 
and cruel treatment. 55; slaugh- 
tered and burned alive, 56; kill 
Spaniards, 66 ; murder three Fran- 
ciscans, 108; war between Apaches 
and Zunis, 111; insurrection of, 
112-116; siege of Santa Fe, 115; 
capture of Santa Fe, 116; submit 
to De Vargas, 123-126; plot to 
murder all Spaniards, 131 ; war 
among the Pueblos, 134; insurrec- 
tion, 138; condition of Pueblos 
today, 205; the savage Indians, 
206 ■ 
Insurrection of 1780, 112-116 
Institutions, see State inst Hut ions 
Iturbide, Don Augustin de, first em- 
peror of Mexico, 164 

Jaea, governor of Taos, warns Oter- 

min, 113; captain in insurrection, 

114 
Jemez Hot Springs, discovered, 90 
Jesus, Father Juan de, remains taken 

to Santa Fe, 136 
Jusepe. sole survivor of Humaiia 's 

expedition, 83 
Justice, administration of, 244 

Kearny, Col. S. W., commands 
' ' Army of the West, ' ' 175 ; issues 
proclamation of annexation, 176; 
takes possession of Las Vegas, 
176; captures Santa Fe, 177; pro- 
claims New Mexico a Territory of 
U. S. ; appoints Territorial of- 
ficials. 179; starts for California, 
180 

Lalande, John Baptiste, first Amer- 
ican trader, 159 

Lamy, K«v. Juan B., vicar apostolic, 
202 

Land grants, 240 

La Eoca del Moro (the Rock of the 
Moor), guiding object of early 
comers, 253 

Las Vesas, captured by Kearny, 176 

Lane, William Carr, annexes disputed 
territorv, 193 



Legislature, first lawful meets, 191; 
first State, 252 

Lejanza, Governor Mariano Marti- 
nez de, assaulted by Yutes, 172 

Leon, Don Diego de Vargas Zapata 
Lujan Ponce de, see Vargas, Don 
Diego de 

Leon, Pedro Ponce de, 85 

Leon, Ponce de, discovers Florida, 16 

Leon, Captain Ponce de, defeated by 
Doniphan, 180 

Letrado, Father, murdered by In- 
dians, 108 

Lomas y Calmenares, Juan Bautista 
de, 80 

Lopez, Francisco, one of the first mis- 
sionaries, 68 ; killed by Indians, 71 

Loretto, Sisters of, see Sisters of Lo- 
retto 

liovato. Captain, killed by raiders, 
171 

McLeod, Genera], heads Texas expe- 
dition, 171 

Madrid, Captain Roque de, enters 
New Mexico, 120 

Morete, Captain Juan, arrests De 
Sosa, 82 

Marquette, Jacques, 16 

Martinez, Father Alonzo, advises war 
on Acomas, 94 » 

Martinez, Rev. Antonio Jose, pub- 
lishes first newspaper, 166 

Martinez. Don Felix, becomes acting 
governor, 147 ; arrests Moffollon, 
147 ; removed by A'alero, 149 

Medizabal, governor, removed for 
malfeasance, 110 

Melgares, Facundo M., last of the 
Spanish governors, 163 

Memorial to Congress, adopted, 186 

Mendinueta, Don Pedro Fermin de, 
succeeds Capuchin, 154; the peer 
of De Vargas, 155; makes peace 
with Comanches, 156; reports the 
lamentable condition of New Mex- 
ico, 156 ; leaves for Mexico, 158 

Mesa Prieta, battle of, 133 ; another 
battle, 135 

Mesilla Valley, taken by Lane, 193; 



INDEX 



18^ 



purchased by American govern- 
ment, 194 

Mexico, City of, entered by Cortes. 
9 

Michalena, Don Enrique de Olavide 
y, succeeds Gongora, 151 

MillSj Gov., goes to Washington, 248 ; 
issues proclamation for first State 
election, 249 

Mining and mines, 207 

Mission, first, 68; establish headquar- 
ters in Puaray, 69; deserted by 
soldiers, 70 

Mogollon, Don Juan Ignaeio Flores, 
succeeds Penuela, 145; puts down 
uprising of Indians, 146; resigns, 
146 ; arrested by Martinez, 147 

Monterey, viceroy, 85 

Montezuma, emperor of the Aztecs, 9 

Moro, see La Boca del Moro 

Narvaez, Panfilo de, sails from Spain 
to Florida, 23; unable to leave 
Florida, 24 ; wrecked and killed, 24 

New Mexico, first visited by De 
Vaca, 17; named, 71; first history 
of, 87; first colony, 89; first cap- 
ital, 90; lost to Spaniards, 112- 
116; reconquered by De Vargas, 
120-126; resettlement, 127; neg- 
lected by central government, 156 ; 
consolidated with other provinces, 
158 ; trade established with Mis- 
souri, 162; end of Spanish regime, 
163; under Emperor Iturbide, 164; 
Territory of Eepublic of Mexico, 
165; made a Department, 166; last 
election under Mexican rule, 173; 
invaded by army of U. S., 175; 
under American flag, 177; becomes 
Territory of U. S. ; ceded by Mex- 
ico, 183; first legislature, 184; 
State officers elected, 188; election 
nullified, 189; admitted as a Ter- 
ritory, 190; officials elected, 191; 
development of industries, 192 ; 
boundaries of, 197; patriotism of, 
198, 200; schools of, 208-223; 
pubMc institutions, 223, 224; popu- 
lation of, 225, 226; commerce of, 
227-232; votes for joint statehood. 



246; adopts constitution, 247; 
elects first State officers, 249 

Newport, Captain, 16 

Newspapers, first publication, 166; 
first English and Spanish, 191; 
growth of, 238 

Niza, Marcos de, visits Indians, 19 ; 
explores Zuiii, 31; sketch of, 32; 
enters New Mexico, 33; cordially 
received by Indians, 35; hears of 
Cortes in California, 36; reaches 
Vacapa, 37; reaches Zuiii, 42; re- 
turns to City of Mexico, 42; ac- 
companies Coronado 's expedition, 
44; reprimanded and sent back to 
Mexico. 46 

Obando, Captain Francisco de, killed 
at Puaray, 56 

Ojeda, Alonso de, 6 

Ofiate, Don Cristoval de, lieutenant 
governor, 87 

Ofiate, Juan de. first visits New Mex- 
ico, 19; hears story of Humana 
expedition, 83; sketch of, 84; of- 
fers to conquer New Mexico at 
his own expense, 85; answers 
charges. 86; his expedition, 87; 
takes possession of New Mexico, 
88; selects site for capital, 90; 
plans trip to Gulf of California, 
92 ; abandons trip, 93 ; war on Aco- 
mas, 94; asks for reenforcements, 
98; reprimanded by Fathers, 99; 
journey to Quivira, 100; arraigned 
by Father Escalon, 101; defended 
bv Zaldivar, 102; given rank of no- 
bility and reenforcements, 102; 
visits Gulf of California, 103; 
founds Santa Fe, 104; ceases to 
be governor, 104 

Ortiz, Don Tomas, heads movement 
against Americans, 181 

Otermin, Don Antonio de, succeeds 
Miranda, 112; warned by Ye, 113; 
and by Jaca, 113; rejects Pope's 
ultimatum, 115; wounded, 116; 
fails to reconquer country, 117 

Padilla, Fr. Juan de, killed by In- 
dians, 67 



184 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



Peinado, Father, 105 

Peiia, Father, makes charges against 
Penuela, 145 

Penaloza, governor, imposter, 110 

Penuela, Marqnis de, succeeds Val- 
dez, 144; his administration, 145; 
removed and fined, 145 

Peralta, Don Pedro de, succeeds 
Onate as governor, 104; despotic 
ruler, 105 

Perez, Don Albino, governor, assas- 
sinated, 167 

Peruvians, 11; origin of, 12 

Pike, Colonel Zebulon, arrested and 
taken to Santa Fe, 160 

Pino, Pedro Bautista, sent as dele- 
gate to Spain, 161; history cited, 
227 

Political divisions, 245 

Pope, Juan, leader of insurrection, 
112; assault on Santa Fe, 114; 
sends ultimatum to Otermin, 115 

Population, first oflficial census, 139; 
Spanish and Mexican eras, 225; 
under U. S., 226 

Porras, Father, murdered by In- 
dians, 108 

Posadas, Pedro Eeneros de, succeeds 
Cruzat, 118 

Press, the, 238; see Newspapers 

Price, Col. Sterling, commands second 
army of invasion, 175; punishes 
insurrectos, 183 

Prince, L. B., president State H's- 
torical Society, 236 

Protestant church, first erected in 
Santa Fe, 201 

Provincial Deputation, organized in 
Santa Fe, 165; becomes Depart- 
mental Assembly, 166 

Pueblo Indians, 205; see Indians 

Pursley, James, second American to 
settle in Santa Fe, 160 

Quivira, see Gran Quivira 

Eeligious communities, 203 
Eivera, Captain Juan Maria, discov- 
ers rich silver mines in Colorado, 
154 
Eodriguez, Augustin, 19 



Eodriguez, Agustin , one of the first 
missionaries, 6S ; killed by In- 
dians, 71 

Ecsas, Luis, governor, 107; assassin- 
ated, 109 

Salmeron, Geronimo Zarate. histor- 
ian, 105 

Salpointe, Archbishop Juan B., 
priest and author, 20 j 

Salt Lake, discovered by Franciscans, j 
157 I 

San Francisco, first capital, 90 

San Gabriel, first colony in New Mex- 
ico, 89; made first capital and 
called San Francisco, 90 

San Miguel, palace and chapel, built 
by Oiiate, 104 

Santa Cruz, refounded, 137 

Santa Maria, Juan de, one of tl!e 
first missionaries, 68; kil'ed by 
Indians, 71 

Santa Fe, founded by Onate, 104; 
assaulted by Indians, 114; siej^^e 
of, 115; recaptured by De Vargas, 
122; formal possession taken by 
De Vargas, 130; attacked by Te- 
g-uas, 135; loss by flood, 155; re- 
built by Mendinueta. 155; trade es- 
tablished with Missouri, 162; 
American consulate established, 
170; captured by Kearny, 177; 
first legislature meets, 184 

Santa Fe Trail, dedication of monu- 
ment, 239 
Schools, established, 150; first school 
law, 165; early schools, 208; first 
jiublic schools, 209 ; private schools, 
210; first public school laws, 211; 
private colleges, 212; condition at 
time of annexation, 213; first un- 
der American government, 214; 
pioneer educational institution, 
215; Cliristian Brothers' coUeee, 
216; parochial and mission, 217; 
under U. S. government, 218; gov- 
ernment of, 219; students and 
funds, 220, 221; private and sec- 
tarian, 222; state pedagogic insti- 
tutions, 223 
Senators, of U. S., elected, 189; elec- 



INDEX 



185 



tion nullified, 189; elected, 2o2 ; 
seated, 252 

Seven Cities (or Cihola), visited by 
Estevanico, 38 ; by Niza, 42 ; by 
Coronado, 46 

Silva, Manuel, governor, 107 

Sisters of Loretto, pioneer educators, 
215 

)Smith, Hugh C, selected delegate to 
Congress by convention, 187 

Soldiers of the Cross, by Archbishop 
Salpointe, 20 

Sosa, Castafio de, 19; organizes ex- 
pedition, 81; visits all the pueblos 
of New Mexico, 82 ; arrested, 82 

Statehood, beginning of fight, 188; 
history of struggle, 246-248 ; battle 
Ti-on, 248; accomplished, 250 

State institutions, pedagogic, 223 ; 
penal and other, 224 

Stock raising, growth of, 196 

Taft, President William H., assists 
in passage of enabling act, 247 ; 
signs statehood bill, 248 ; issues 
proclamation, 250 

Tenochtitlan (Mexico), City of, 9 

Texas, visited by De Vaca and com- 
panions, 25 

Texas, claims New Mexico, 171; in- 
vaders arrested, 171; other raids, 
171 

Tovar. Pedro de, battle with In- 
dians, 50 

Trail, the Santa Fe, see Santa Fe 
Trail 

Tupatu, captain in insurrection, 114; 
friend of De Vargas, 123 

Turco, Indian who looked like Turk, 
53; charged with falsehood, 60; 
arrested, 61; executed, 63 

United States, consulate established. 
170; war with Mexico, 174; army 
invades New Mexico, 175 
Urdinola, Francisco de, 80 
Utah, admitted as Territory, 190 

Vaca, Alvar Niifiez Cabeza de, first 
white man to cross American con- 
tinent, 17; tells of the Indians, 



18; sketch of, 22; survivor of ex- 
pedition of Narvaez, 24; becomes 
trader and doctor among the In- 
dians, 24; journey across continent, 
25; friendly treatment by Indians, 
26; eats dog meat, 27; arrested by 
De Alcaraz, 28; released by Mei- 
chor Diaz, 29 ; reaches City of Mex- 
ico, 29; sai^s for Spain, 29; ap- 
jiointed governor of La Plata, 29 ; 
sent to Spain in chains, 29 

Valdez, Francisco Cuervo y, succeeds 
De Vargas, 142; trips of inspec- 
• tion, 143 ; founds Alburquerque, 
144 

Valero, Marquez de, viceroy, removes 
Martinez, 149 

Vargas, Don Diego de, sketch of, 
119; first entry, 120; reaches San- 
ta Fe, 121; trip of inspection, 
124; reconquest completed, 125, 
126; reports to viceroy, 127; re- 
entry, 128, 129; takes formal pos- 
session of Santa Fe, 130; hears of 
Indian conspiracy, 131; final con- 
quest of Santa Fe, 132 ; partitions 
land among colonists, 133 ; pro- 
tects friendly pueblos, 134; re- 
founds settlements, 137; reports 
country pacified, 138; fined and 
imprisoned, 138 ; succeeds C\ibero 
and given title of Marquis, 141; 
death, 142 

Vargas, Francisco Diaz de, 79 

Velasco, Father, warned by Ye, 113 

Velasco, viceroy, SO ; approves 
Oiiate 's petition, 85 

Vigil, Donaciano, member first con- 
vention, 185; appointed secretary, 
190 

Vigil, Juan Bautista, invites Kearny 
to Santa Fe, 177; appointed civil 
governor, 185 

Villagra, Caspar de, first historian 
of New Mexico, 87 

Villamanrique, viceroy, 80 

Villaneueva, Fernando de, succeeds 
Penaloza, 111 

Villasenor, Don Jose Chacon Medina 
Salazar y, see Pemiela, Marquis 
de 



186 



HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO 



Vrain, Ceran St., arrives from United 
States, 165 ; commands volunteers, . 
183 

Wars, the Civil, 198; Indian, 199; 

Spanish-American, 200 
Weightman, Richard, elected senator^ 

189; first delegate to Congress, 

191 
Wichita Indians, the Gran Qnivira, 

63 
Wordfield expedition, attacks town 

of Mora, 171 

Xave, calls Turco an imposter, 60 
Ye. Juan, warns Otermin and Vel- 



asco of insurrection, 113; tells of 
plot to De Vargas, 131 
Ysopete, Indian guide, 60, 61 

Zaldivar, Juan de, aide-de-camp to 
Onate, 87; in charge of colonies, 
92; killed by Acomas, 93 

Zaldivar, Vicente, chief sergeant of 
Ofiate, 87; explores Quivira, 92; 
marches on Acomas, 95; demands 
surrender of murderers, 96; goes 
to Spain, 98; defends Ofiate, 102 

Zotylo, Felipe, succeeds Peralta as 
governor, 105 

Zuiii, visited by De Vaea, 26 

Zapata, Juan Ortiz, Jesuit histori;in, 



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